Child and Family Development across the First Three Decades

前三个十年的儿童和家庭发展

• 批准号: 9339248
• 负责人: MARC H BORNSTEIN
• 金额: $ 151.83万
• 依托单位: EUNICE KENNEDY SHRIVER NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH & HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 至
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/9339248
• 关键词: 14 year old; Accounting; Achievement; Address; Adolescence; Adolescent; Adoption; Adult; Affect; Age; Age-Months; Area; Argentina; Attenuated; Behavior; Behavioral; Belgium; Biological; Biology; Birth; Birth Order; Brain; Brazil; Cameroon; Cardiac; Categories; Censuses; Cerebrum; Characteristics; Child; Child Development; Child Labor; Child Language; Child Mortality; Child Rearing; Child health care; Chile; Cognition; Color; Communities; Country; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Crying; Developing Countries; Development; Disadvantaged; Economics; Education; Electroencephalography; Emotional; Employment Status; England; Environment; Environment Design; Environmental Risk Factor; Equation; Ethnic Origin; Exposure to; Eye; Family; Family Research; Female; France; Funding; Gender; Gender Role; Genetic; Goals; Growth; Health; Health Services; Hearing Impaired Persons; Height; Home environment; Human; Income; Individual Differences; Infant; Intelligence; Intervention; Interview; Investigation; Israel; Italy; Japan; Kenya; Laboratories; Language; Life; Link; Longitudinal Studies; Malignant Neoplasms; Maternal Age; Measures; Medial; Medical; Mental Depression; Modeling; Mothers; Motor; Nature; Neighborhoods; Neurosciences; Outcome; Parenthood Status; Parents; Pediatrics; Perception; Personal Satisfaction; Peru; Physiological; Play; Policies; Predisposition; Prefrontal Cortex; Premature Birth; Probability; Problem behavior; Process; Psyche structure; Psychophysiology; Publishing; Reaction Time; Records; Reporting; Research; Research Design; Research Infrastructure; Resources; Risk; Role; Sampling; School Enrollments; Schools; Shapes; Signal Transduction; Site; Social Development; Social Welfare; South Korea; Structure; Sum; Techniques; Teenagers; Temperament; Time; UNICEF; Underweight; United Nations; United States; Variant; Weight; Woman; Work; aged; base; behavior observation; boys; caregiver education; child bearing; cingulate cortex; cognitive ability; coping; design; experience; externalizing behavior; gender difference; girls; health equity; infancy; infant temperament; informant; low and middle-income countries; men; mortality; motherhood; negative affect; offspring; peer; premature; prevent; programs; prospective; psychologic; qualified teachers; response; skills; social; social skills; socioeconomics; sound; wasting

The following presents examples of recently published reports from both areas of the lab's work. Program I: Child and Family Development Across the First Three Decades Command of language is a cornerstone of development, and necessary for successful adjustment. This four-wave 10-year prospective longitudinal study evaluated stability of core language skill in 1780 children in varying categories of biological and social risk. Structural equation modeling supported loadings of diverse measures of child language on single latent variables of core language skill at 15 and 25 months and 5 and 11 years. Core language skill was stable over the first decade of life; significant and comparable stability coefficients were obtained for children with diverse biological and social risks, including poor health, welfare status, teen motherhood, ethnicity, gender, birth order, and families that changed in income and maternal education over the study period; stability in language was strong even accounting for child nonverbal intelligence and social competence, maternal education and language, and the family home environment. Separation from parents in adolescence is normative and a prerequisite for healthy functioning in adulthood, while adolescent detachment from parents, a radical and developmentally premature emotional distancing, is linked to unhealthy functioning in adulthood. Peer relationships may play a role in how adolescents separate and/or detach from their parents. Utilizing a latent variable approach, we examined how 14-year-old adolescents (N = 190) separation and detachment from mother related to adolescent peer relationships, and whether peer relationships moderated how separation and detachment related to adolescent internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Detachment from parents was associated with less positive peer relationships and more internalizing and externalizing problems. Positive peer relationships sharply attenuated relations between detachment and higher internalizing and externalizing problems. Healthy separation from parents was unrelated to peer relationships, internalizing, and externalizing. Our findings indicate that peers are an important but often unavailable resource for detached adolescents. Temperament in infancy defined as individual differences in attentional, motor, and emotional reactivity, is expected to remain relatively constant over development, although it can change in response to the environment. Two studies focused on the childs first year and considered infant age, gender, birth order, term status, and SES as moderators of temperament stability. Study 1 consisted of 73 mothers of firstborn term girls and boys at 2, 5, and 13 months of age. Study 2 consisted of 335 mothers of infants of different gender, birth order, term status, and SES at 6 and 12 months. At all time-points across both studies, different aspects of temperament organized into positive and negative affectivity factors. Infant temperament proved stable and robust across gender, birth order, term status, and SES. Stability coefficients for temperament factors and scales were medium to large for shorter (<9 months) inter-assessment intervals and small to medium for longer (>10 months) intervals. However, the range of shared variance in average stability between adjacent time-points across both studies was only 20-29%, suggesting that 71-80% of the variance in temperament at a later time point was not explained by temperament at an earlier time point, indicating a great deal of instability in temperament. Interventions to adjust infant temperament could be beneficial because temperament affects childrens interactions with the world, colors how they interpret their experiences, shapes how they compare themselves to others and the manner in which others perceive and respond to them, and modifies the ways children interpret and manipulate their environment. Program II: Child Development and Parenting in Multicultural Perspective UNICEF estimated that 1 in 6 children aged 5-14 was involved in child labor. Child labor may be a barrier to achieving universal education because poor families need children to work, which prevents school attendance, although the empirical link between child labor and schooling has been incompletely documented. This study explores relations of child labor with school enrollment in 186,795 7- to 14-year-old children in 30 low and middle income countries LMIC. We control for child age and caregiver education and examine moderating effects of country and child gender. At the country level, a strong significant relation emerged between child labor and school enrollment. Relations between child labor and schooling at the country level are suggestive, but they do not help to explain whether child labor is consistently related to schooling at the family level. Aggregating across boys and girls at the family level, child labor was associated with a lower probability of school enrollment in 15 countries. Although most countries in this study have policies to provide free education, their implementation may be incomplete because of inadequate funding, infrastructure, and availability of qualified teachers. . Programs to promote universal education and reduce child labor in each country will likely need to be tailored to specific country, neighborhood, and family conditions. Adult appropriate responding to infant signals is vital to healthy child development. We investigated how infant crying, compared to infant laughing or adult crying, captures adults brain resources in a sample of nulliparous women and men, e.g., the effects of different sounds on cerebral activation of the medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex of the default mode network (DMN) and reaction times (RTs) while listeners engaged in self-referential decision and syllabic counting tasks, which, respectively, require the activation or deactivation of the DMN. In women, infant crying deactivated the DMN during the self-referential decision task; in men, female adult crying interfered with the DMN during the syllabic counting task. These findings point to different brain processes underlying responsiveness to crying in women and men and show that cerebral activation is modulated by situational contexts in which crying occurs. For decades, the United Nations has recognized that physical growth and survival of young girls and boys in developing countries are compromised, although the role that gender plays in growth outcomes and mortality remains unclear. We assessed differences between girls and boys in growth in 139,614 children under age 5, and child mortality of girls and boys collected from 226,798 childbearing women between the ages of 15 and 49 in 34 developing countries. When there were gender differences on height for age (stunting), weight for age (underweight), weight for height (wasting), and mortality, boys were at a greater disadvantage compared to girls. Further, correlations of gender effect sizes with the HDI indicated that boys were at a greater disadvantage compared to girls in countries with fewer socioeconomic resources. In sum, the disadvantages in growth and mortality found for boys reflect known biological/genetic differences in susceptibility to environmental conditions. The genetic advantage present for girls tends to be less protective with respect to health conditions that reflect transient circumstances and discretionary behavior, i.e., there were fewer gender differences in weight-for-height. Achievement of Millennium Development Goals pertaining to child health and equity will require continued efforts to modernize community infrastructure and health services and increase economic well-being.

下面介绍了实验室两个工作领域最近发布的报告的示例。 计划一：前三个十年的儿童和家庭发展 掌握语言是发展的基石，也是成功调整的必要条件。这项为期 10 年的四波前瞻性纵向研究评估了 1780 名处于不同类别的生物和社会风险的儿童的核心语言技能的稳定性。结构方程模型支持在 15 个月和 25 个月以及 5 岁和 11 岁时对核心语言技能的单个潜在变量加载不同的儿童语言测量值。核心语言技能在生命的前十年是稳定的；对于具有不同生物和社会风险的儿童，包括健康状况不佳、福利状况、青少年孕产、种族、性别、出生顺序以及在研究期间收入和母亲教育发生变化的家庭，获得了显着且可比的稳定性系数；即使考虑到儿童非语言智力和社交能力、母亲教育和语言以及家庭环境，语言的稳定性也很强。 青春期与父母的分离是正常现象，也是成年期健康功能的先决条件，而青少年与父母的脱离是一种激进的、发育过早的情感疏远，与成年期的不健康功能有关。同伴关系可能会影响青少年如何与父母分离和/或脱离。利用潜变量方法，我们研究了 14 岁青少年 (N = 190) 与母亲的分离和脱离与青少年同伴关系之间的关系，以及同伴关系是否调节了分离和脱离与青少年内化和外化行为问题的关系。 与父母的疏离与不太积极的同伴关系以及更多的内化和外化问题有关。 积极的同伴关系极大地削弱了疏离感和更高的内化和外化问题之间的关系。与父母的健康分离与同伴关系、内化和外化无关。我们的研究结果表明，对于疏离的青少年来说，同龄人是一种重要但往往无法获得的资源。 婴儿期的气质被定义为注意力、运动和情绪反应方面的个体差异，预计在发育过程中保持相对恒定，尽管它可以根据环境而变化。两项研究重点关注孩子的第一年，并将婴儿年龄、性别、出生顺序、足月状况和社会经济地位视为气质稳定性的调节因素。 研究 1 包括 73 名头生的足月女孩和男孩的母亲，年龄分别为 2、5 和 13 个月。研究 2 包括 335 名婴儿的母亲，这些婴儿的性别、出生顺序、足月状况以及 6 个月和 12 个月时的社会经济地位各不相同。在这两项研究的所有时间点，气质的不同方面都被组织成积极和消极的情感因素。事实证明，婴儿气质在性别、出生顺序、足月状态和社会经济地位方面都稳定且强劲。对于较短（<9 个月）的评估间间隔，气质因素和量表的稳定性系数为中到大；对于较长（>10 个月）的间隔，气质因素和量表的稳定性系数为小到中等。然而，两项研究中相邻时间点之间平均稳定性的共享方差范围仅为 20-29%，这表明较晚时间点的气质差异中 71-80% 不能由较早时间点的气质来解释点，表明气质上有很大的不稳定。调整婴儿气质的干预措施可能是有益的，因为气质影响儿童与世界的互动，影响他们如何解释自己的经历，塑造他们如何将自己与他人进行比较以及他人感知和回应他们的方式，并改变儿童解释和回应的方式。操纵他们的环境。 项目二：多元文化视角下的儿童发展与育儿 联合国儿童基金会估计，每 6 名 5 至 14 岁儿童中就有 1 人参与童工劳动。童工可能是实现普及教育的障碍，因为贫困家庭需要儿童工作，这阻碍了入学，尽管童工与学校教育之间的经验联系尚未得到完整记录。本研究探讨了 30 个低收入和中等收入国家的 186,795 名 7 至 14 岁儿童的童工与入学率的关系。我们控制儿童年龄和看护者教育，并检查国家和儿童性别的调节作用。在国家层面，童工与入学率之间存在着密切的关系。童工与国家层面的学校教育之间的关系具有启发性，但它们无助于解释童工是否始终与家庭层面的学校教育相关。从家庭层面来看，童工与 15 个国家的入学率较低有关。尽管本研究中的大多数国家都有提供免费教育的政策，但由于资金、基础设施和合格教师的不足，其实施可能不完整。 。每个国家促进普及教育和减少童工的计划可能需要根据特定的国家、社区和家庭条件进行调整。 成人对婴儿信号的适当反应对于儿童的健康发育至关重要。我们研究了与婴儿大笑或成人哭泣相比，婴儿哭泣如何在未产妇和男性样本中捕获成人大脑资源，例如，不同声音对默认模式下内侧前额叶皮层和后扣带皮层大脑激活的影响网络（DMN）和反应时间（RT），而听众从事自我参照决策和音节计数任务，这分别需要激活或停用DMN。对于女性来说，婴儿哭泣会在自我参照决策任务期间停用 DMN；在男性中，成年女性的哭泣会干扰 DMN 的音节计数任务。这些发现指出了女性和男性对哭泣反应的不同大脑过程，并表明大脑激活受到哭泣发生的情境的调节。 几十年来，联合国认识到发展中国家年轻女孩和男孩的身体生长和生存受到损害，尽管性别在生长结果和死亡率中所起的作用仍不清楚。我们评估了 34 个发展中国家 139,614 名 5 岁以下儿童中女孩和男孩的生长差异，以及从 34 个发展中国家的 226,798 名 15 至 49 岁育龄妇女中收集的女孩和男孩的儿童死亡率。当年龄别身高（发育迟缓）、年龄别体重（体重不足）、身高体重（消瘦）和死亡率存在性别差异时，男孩与女孩相比处于更大的劣势。 此外，性别效应大小与人类发展指数的相关性表明，在社会经济资源较少的国家，男孩比女孩处于更大的劣势。总之，男孩在生长和死亡率方面的劣势反映了已知的对环境条件易感性的生物/遗传差异。 女孩的遗传优势往往对健康状况的保护作用较小，这些健康状况反映了短暂的环境和随意的行为，即身高体重的性别差异较小。 实现与儿童健康和公平有关的千年发展目标需要继续努力实现社区基础设施和卫生服务现代化并提高经济福祉。