Basic Research In Personality: Cross-Cultural Research

人格基础研究：跨文化研究

• 批准号: 8177681
• 负责人: Susan Resnick
• 金额: $ 5.22万
• 依托单位: NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGING
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 至
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8177681
• 关键词: 17 year old; Adolescent; Adult; Affect; Age; Aging; Aging-Related Process; Area; Asians; Attitude; Basic Science; Behavior; Belief; Cognitive; Consensus; Country; Data Quality; Dimensions; Educational Background; Elderly; Emotional; Equipment and supply inventories; Family; Gender; Health; Heritability; Knowledge; Laboratories; Learning; Life; Measurement; Mental Health; Methods; Nature; Outcome; Patient Self-Report; Pattern; Perception; Personal Satisfaction; Personality; Personality Assessment; Personality Development; Personality Traits; Personality inventories; Population; Property; Psychometrics; Questionnaires; Reporting; Research; Role; Sampling; Social Perception; Stereotyping; Stress; Structure; Sum; Time; Validity and Reliability; Variant; age group; age related; aging population; authority; base; cognitive change; coping; design; expectation; informant; member; satisfaction; social; trait; university student

Previous research in this Laboratory has examined personality profiles of cultures obtained by averaging traits assessed in samples of college students and adults. We have extended this line of research by examining ratings of 12 to 17 years old in 24 cultures. Observer ratings of adolescents were obtained using the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (NEO-PI-3), a more readable version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R), which showed good psychometric properties across cultures. Aggregate scores were generalizable across age and gender and showed convergence with culture-level scores from previous studies of self-reports and observer ratings of adults. Non-Western cultures tend to score slightly lower on a dimension related to Extraversion. Further, aggregate scores of adolescent ratings were unrelated to national character stereotypes, consistent with previous research that challenge the accuracy of these widely shared beliefs. Perceptions of aging influence societal behaviors and expectations toward older people as well as older adults well-being and coping with the aging process. In a 26 cultures study we examined perceptions of age-related changes in physical, cognitive, social, and emotional areas of functioning and rated societal views of aging within each culture. There was widespread cross-cultural consensus regarding the expected direction of aging trajectories with (a) perceived declines in physical attractiveness, the ability to perform everyday tasks, and new learning; (b) perceived increases in wisdom, knowledge, and received respect; and (c) perceived stability in family authority and life satisfaction. Cross-cultural variations in aging perceptions were associated with culture-level indicators of population aging, education levels, values, and national character stereotypes. These associations were stronger for societal views on aging and perceptions of social and emotional changes than for perceptions of physical and cognitive changes. A consideration of culture-level variables also suggested that previously reported differences in aging perceptions between Asian and Western countries may be related to differences in population structure. The multinational study includes assessments of personality stereotypes of age groups and genders as well as nations. Preliminary analyses suggest that (a) age is more important that gender or culture in determining perceptions of a group; (b) age stereotypes are generally accurate in the direction of age changes, but not the timing; and (c) the stereotype of the typical culture member can be approximated by summing across age- and gender-specific national stereotypes. These analyses will provide important new information on the conditions under which stereotypes are, or are not, accurate. In a further study, we examined the differential reliability and validity of facet scales from the NEO Inventories using cross-cultural, longitudinal, and family based study (N = 34,108). We evaluated the extent to which (a) psychometric properties of facet scales are generalizable across ages, cultures, and methods of measurement, and, (b) validity criteria are associated with different forms of reliability. Composite estimates of facet scale stability, heritability, and cross-observer validity were broadly generalizable. Two estimates of retest reliability were independent predictors of the three validity criteria; none of three estimates of internal consistency was. Available evidence suggests the same pattern of results for other personality inventories. Internal consistency of scales can be useful as a check on data quality but appears to be of limited utility for evaluating the potential validity of developed scales, and it should not be used as a substitute for retest reliability.

该实验室之前的研究通过对大学生和成年人样本评估的特征进行平均而获得文化的人格概况。我们通过检查 24 种文化中 12 至 17 岁的评级来扩展这一研究范围。青少年的观察者评级是使用 NEO 人格量表 3 (NEO-PI-3) 获得的，该量表是修订版 NEO 人格量表 (NEO-PI-R) 的更易读的版本，显示出良好的跨文化心理测量特性。总分在不同年龄和性别中具有普遍性，并且与之前对成人自我报告和观察者评分的研究中的文化水平分数相一致。非西方文化在与外向性相关的维度上得分往往略低。此外，青少年评分的总分与国民性格刻板印象无关，这与之前质疑这些广泛认同的信念的准确性的研究一致。 对老龄化的看法影响社会行为和对老年人的期望，以及老年人的福祉和应对老龄化过程。在一项 26 种文化的研究中，我们考察了人们对身体、认知、社会和情感功能领域与年龄相关的变化的看法，并评估了每种文化中对衰老的社会看法。关于衰老轨迹的预期方向，存在广泛的跨文化共识：(a) 身体吸引力、执行日常任务的能力和新学习能力的感知下降； (b) 感知到的智慧、知识的增长和受到的尊重； (c) 家庭权威和生活满意度的感知稳定性。老龄化观念的跨文化差异与人口老龄化的文化水平指标、教育水平、价值观和国民性格刻板印象有关。这些关联对于社会对衰老的看法以及对社会和情感变化的看法比对身体和认知变化的看法更强。对文化层面变量的考虑还表明，先前报道的亚洲和西方国家之间老龄化观念的差异可能与人口结构的差异有关。 这项跨国研究包括对年龄组、性别以及国家的人格刻板印象的评估。初步分析表明，(a) 在决定一个群体的看法时，年龄比性别或文化更重要； (b) 年龄定型观念通常在年龄变化的方向上是准确的，但在时间上则不然； (c) 对典型文化成员的定型观念可以通过对特定年龄和性别的民族定型观念进行求和来粗略估计。这些分析将提供有关刻板印象在何种条件下准确或不准确的重要新信息。 在进一步的研究中，我们使用跨文化、纵向和基于家庭的研究（N = 34,108）检查了 NEO 库存中侧面量表的差异可靠性和有效性。我们评估了（a）方面量表的心理测量特性在不同年龄、文化和测量方法中的普遍适用程度，以及（b）有效性标准与不同形式的可靠性相关的程度。对方面尺度稳定性、遗传力和跨观察者有效性的综合估计具有广泛的普遍性。重新测试可靠性的两个估计是三个有效性标准的独立预测因子；内部一致性的三个估计都不是。现有证据表明其他性格调查表也有相同的结果模式。量表的内部一致性可用于检查数据质量，但对于评估已开发量表的潜在有效性似乎作用有限，并且不应将其用作重新测试可靠性的替代品。