Basic Research In Personality: Aging

人格基础研究：衰老

• 批准号: 8335776
• 负责人: Susan Resnick
• 金额: $ 49.02万
• 依托单位: NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGING
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 至
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8335776
• 关键词: Acute; Adolescent; Adult; Age; Aging; Antidepressive Agents; Aspirin; Basic Science; Behavior; Behavioral; Biological Markers; Body Weight; Body fat; Body mass index; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; C-reactive protein; Cardiovascular Diseases; Characteristics; Chronic; Clinical; Cognitive; Communities; Cross-Sectional Studies; Data; Depressed mood; Diabetes Mellitus; Dimensions; Disease; Disease Progression; Education; Elderly; Emotional; Emotions; Epidemiology; Ethnic Origin; General Population; Health; Hip region structure; Impaired cognition; Impulsivity; Individual; Individual Differences; Inflammation; Inflammatory; Injury; Interleukin-6; Investigation; Italy; Life; Life Style; Link; Literature; Logistic Regressions; Longevity; Longitudinal Studies; Measures; Mediating; Medical; Mental Depression; Mental Health; Mental disorders; Metabolic syndrome; Modeling; Mood Disorders; Morbidity - disease rate; Neurodegenerative Disorders; Neurotic Disorders; Obesity; Occupations; Osteoporosis; Outcome; Overweight; Participant; Patient Self-Report; Patients; Pattern; Peripheral; Personality; Personality Traits; Persons; Physiological; Plasma; Production; Psychological Factors; Psychopathology; Questionnaires; Relative (related person); Reporting; Research; Retirement; Risk; Risk Behaviors; Risk Factors; Role; Sampling; Sardinia; Serum; Smoking; Speed; Synaptic plasticity; Testing; Thinking; Time; Walking; Weight; age difference; age related; base; burden of illness; clinically relevant; cytokine; depressive symptoms; design; disability; effective intervention; frailty; inflammatory marker; interest; longitudinal design; mortality; muscle strength; neurogenesis; physical conditioning; population based; psychologic; psychological distress; relating to nervous system; response; sex; trait; trend

The notion of stability is central to the definition of personality traits, which are generally thought of as enduring tendencies or habitual patterns of behavior, thoughts, and emotions (McCrae & Costa, 2003), but stability does not imply immutability. Under normal circumstances, adult traits are largely stable, as indicated by high correlation coefficients computed for a group assessed twice on the same trait. These coefficients represent the average stability for a sample, but individuals vary in terms of their intra-individual stability. Recently, a longitudinal intra-individual approach was used to examine stabilities across two successive intervals traced within individuals. Individual stability coefficients from three sequential assessments were computed to evaluate intra-individual (i.e., within-person) change in stability over time. For both trait and profile (ipsative) stability, results indicate that intra-individual stability increases up to age 30 and then plateaus. Neither demographic variables (sex, ethnicity, education, and secular trends), nor the standing on the five major dimensions of personality, were predictors of change in trait stability. Contrary to results from studies of adolescents, personality maturity was unrelated to personality stability in adulthood. These findings support the notion that personality stability plateaus early in adulthood. Despite the relative stability of individual differences, in recent years we have extended the studies of mean-level change in personality by examining longitudinal trajectories in more diverse samples and cross-sectional trends across cultures. We have also focused on community or epidemiological investigations to study the causes of the modest changes that occur in personality traits in adulthood. In addition to health (see below), we are interested in the reciprocal influences of personality and life circumstances, such as job characteristics and retirement transition. Furthermore, we aim to delineate the neural and cognitive correlates of personality dimensions across longitudinal assessments. In health-related research, we have examined the association between personality traits and several biomarkers of mental and physical health. Below are some examples of this research. Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is among the most promising biomarkers of mood disorders. BDNF regulates synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis, and BDNF plasma and serum levels have been associated with depression and other psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. In clinical samples, circulating levels of BDNF are reported to be lower in depressed patients compared to controls and are reported to increase significantly with antidepressant treatment. In large community-based samples, we have examined whether BDNF concentration in plasma and serum are associated with the personality trait of Neuroticism, a major risk-factor for depression. We have found that serum but not plasma BDNF is associated with measures of psychological distress (Neuroticism, depressive symptoms). Among the markers of physical health, we have examined the association between personality traits and obesity, dyslipedemia, metabolic syndrome, arterial thickening, walking speed, muscle strength and inflammation. Below are summaries from one study on obesity and one on an inflammatory marker. Personality traits contribute to health outcomes, in part through their association with major controllable risk factors, such as obesity. Body weight, in turn, reflects our behaviors and lifestyle and contributes to the way we perceive ourselves and others. Based on data from a large (N = 1,988) longitudinal study that spanned more than 50 years, we examined how personality traits are associated with multiple measures of adiposity and with fluctuations in body mass index (BMI). Using 14,531 anthropometric assessments, we modeled the trajectory of BMI across adulthood and tested whether personality predicted its rate of change. Measured concurrently, participants higher on Neuroticism or Extraversion or lower on Conscientiousness had higher BMI; these associations replicated across body fat, waist, and hip circumference. The strongest association was found for the impulsivity facet: Participants who scored in the top 10% of impulsivity weighed, on average, 11Kg more than those in the bottom 10%. Longitudinally, high Neuroticism and low Conscientiousness, and the facets of these traits related to difficulty with impulse control, were associated with weight fluctuations, measured as the variability in weight over time. Finally, low Agreeableness and impulsivity-related traits predicted a greater increase in BMI across the adult life span. BMI was mostly unrelated to change in personality traits. Personality traits are defined by cognitive, emotional, and behavioral patterns that likely contribute to unhealthy weight and difficulties with weight management. Such associations may elucidate the role of personality traits in disease progression and may help to design more effective interventions Another example of this research is a study on Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a peripheral marker of chronic inflammation that increases with age and is implicated in a wide range of health outcomes. Although beneficial in response to acute injuries, chronic production of IL-6 leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Higher levels of IL-6 are associated with frailty and disability among the elderly, and elevated IL-6 has been linked to numerous chronic conditions, such as diabetes, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disease. A population-based sample (N=4,923) from four towns in Sardinia, Italy, had their levels of IL-6 measured and completed a comprehensive personality questionnaire, the NEO-PI-R. Analyses controlled for factors known to have an effect on IL-6: age, sex, smoking, weight, aspirin use, and disease burden. High Neuroticism and low Conscientiousness were both associated with higher levels of IL-6. The findings remained significant after controlling for the relevant covariates. Similar results were found for C-reactive protein, a related marker of chronic inflammation. Further, smoking and weight partially mediated the association between impulsivity-related traits and higher IL-6 levels. Finally, logistic regressions revealed that participants either in the top 10% of the distribution of Neuroticism or the bottom 10% of Conscientiousness had an approximately 40% greater risk of exceeding clinically-relevant thresholds of IL-6. Consistent with the literature on personality and self-reported health, individuals high on Neuroticism or low on Conscientiousness show elevated levels of this inflammatory cytokine. Identifying critical medical biomarkers associated with personality may help to elucidate the physiological mechanisms responsible for the observed connections between personality traits and physical health.

稳定性的概念是人格特质定义的核心，人格特质通常被认为是行为、思想和情感的持久倾向或习惯模式（McCrae & Costa，2003），但稳定性并不意味着一成不变。在正常情况下，成人性状在很大程度上是稳定的，正如对同一性状进行两次评估的一组计算出的高相关系数所表明的那样。这些系数代表样本的平均稳定性，但个体的个体内稳定性有所不同。最近，采用纵向个体内方法来检查个体内追踪的两个连续间隔的稳定性。计算来自三个连续评估的个体稳定性系数，以评估个体内（即人内）稳定性随时间的变化。对于性状和概况（自比）稳定性，结果表明个体内部稳定性在 30 岁之前都会增加，然后趋于稳定。人口统计学变量（性别、种族、教育和世俗趋势）和人格五个主要维度的地位都不是特质稳定性变化的预测因素。与青少年研究的结果相反，人格成熟度与成年后的人格稳定性无关。这些发现支持人格稳定性在成年早期趋于稳定的观点。 尽管个体差异相对稳定，近年来，我们通过检查更多样化样本中的纵向轨迹和跨文化的横截面趋势，扩展了人格平均水平变化的研究。我们还专注于社区或流行病学调查，以研究成年后人格特质发生适度变化的原因。 除了健康（见下文）之外，我们还对性格和生活环境的相互影响感兴趣，例如工作特征和退休过渡。此外，我们的目标是在纵向评估中描绘人格维度的神经和认知相关性。 在健康相关的研究中，我们研究了人格特质与心理和身体健康的几种生物标志物之间的关联。以下是这项研究的一些例子。 脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）是情绪障碍最有前途的生物标志物之一。 BDNF 调节突触可塑性和神经发生，并且 BDNF 血浆和血清水平与抑郁症和其他精神疾病和神经退行性疾病相关。在临床样本中，据报道，与对照组相比，抑郁症患者的 BDNF 循环水平较低，并且据报道，在抗抑郁治疗后，BDNF 的循环水平显着增加。在基于社区的大型样本中，我们检查了血浆和血清中的 BDNF 浓度是否与神经质（抑郁症的主要危险因素）人格特征相关。我们发现血清而非血浆 BDNF 与心理困扰（神经质、抑郁症状）的测量相关。 在身体健康的指标中，我们研究了人格特质与肥胖、血脂异常、代谢综合征、动脉增厚、步行速度、肌肉力量和炎症之间的关联。以下是一项关于肥胖的研究和一项关于炎症标志物的研究的摘要。 人格特质有助于健康结果，部分是通过其与肥胖等主要可控风险因素的关联。反过来，体重反映了我们的行为和生活方式，并影响我们感知自己和他人的方式。基于一项跨越 50 多年的大型纵向研究 (N = 1,988) 的数据，我们研究了人格特质如何与多种肥胖指标以及体重指数 (BMI) 波动相关。通过 14,531 项人体测量评估，我们对整个成年期的 BMI 轨迹进行了建模，并测试了性格是否可以预测其变化率。同时测量，神经质或外向性较高或尽责性较低的参与者的体重指数较高；这些关联在身体脂肪、腰围和臀围上都有体现。冲动性方面的关联性最强：冲动性得分排名前 10% 的参与者平均体重比排名后 10% 的参与者重 11 公斤。纵向来看，高神经质和低责任心，以及这些特征与冲动控制困难相关的方面，与体重波动相关，体重波动以体重随时间的变化来衡量。最后，低宜人性和冲动相关特征预示着成年后体重指数会出现更大的增长。 BMI 与人格特质的变化大多无关。人格特质是由认知、情感和行为模式定义的，这些模式可能导致不健康的体重和体重管理困难。这种关联可能阐明人格特质在疾病进展中的作用，并可能有助于设计更有效的干预措施 这项研究的另一个例子是对白细胞介素 6 (IL-6) 的研究，这是一种慢性炎症的外周标志物，随着年龄的增长而增加，与广泛的健康结果有关。虽然 IL-6 对于应对急性损伤有益，但长期产生 IL-6 会导致发病率和死亡率增加。 IL-6 水平较高与老年人的虚弱和残疾有关，而 IL-6 水平升高与许多慢性疾病有关，例如糖尿病、骨质疏松症和心血管疾病。来自意大利撒丁岛四个城镇的人口样本 (N=4,923) 测量了他们的 IL-6 水平，并完成了一份综合人格问卷 NEO-PI-R。对已知影响 IL-6 的因素进行分析：年龄、性别、吸烟、体重、阿司匹林使用和疾病负担。高神经质和低责任心均与较高水平的 IL-6 相关。在控制相关协变量后，研究结果仍然显着。 C反应蛋白（慢性炎症的相关标志物）也发现了类似的结果。此外，吸烟和体重在一定程度上介导了冲动相关特征与较高 IL-6 水平之间的关联。最后，逻辑回归显示，神经质分布前 10% 或责任性分布后 10% 的参与者超过临床相关 IL-6 阈值的风险大约高出 40%。与人格和自我报告健康状况的文献一致，神经质高或责任心低的个体表现出这种炎症细胞因子的水平升高。识别与人格相关的关键医学生物标志物可能有助于阐明观察到的人格特征与身体健康之间的联系的生理机制。