Mechanisms of adaptation in (healthy and aphasic) noisy-channel comprehension

（健康和失语）噪声通道理解的适应机制

• 批准号: 9191484
• 负责人: Rachel Ryskin
• 金额: $ 5.25万
• 依托单位: MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2016-07-18 至 2019-07-17
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/9191484
• 关键词: Accounting; Address; Affect; Agrammatism; Aphasia; Binding; Brain Injuries; Cells; Clinical; Communication; Comprehension; Cues; Data; Daughter; Environment; Failure; Goals; Hearing; Individual; Intervention; Intervention Studies; Knowledge; Language; Language Disorders; Learning; Memory; Modeling; Mothers; Noise; One-Step dentin bonding system; Participant; Pattern; Persons; Process; Property; Research; Research Design; Research Training; Semantics; Source; Specificity; Speech; System; Testing; Training; Work; adjudicate; aphasic; base; cognitive change; design; expectation; experience; flexibility; insertion/deletion mutation; insight; language comprehension; language impairment; language processing; non-Native; novel; research study; syntax; theories; therapy development; transmission process

The broad objective of the proposed research and training is to understand the mechanisms that underlie efficient language comprehension and how these are altered in persons with language impairment, specifically aphasia. Recent theories of language processing have proposed that communication is typically subject to noise (e.g., Gibson, Bergen, & Piantadosi, 2013)—in the form of speaker error, environmental noise, or listener misperception—and that comprehenders employ rational integration of prior knowledge and noisy evidence to infer the intended meaning of the corrupted message. Further, Gibson, Sandberg, Fedorenko, Bergen, & Kiran (in press) propose that failures to use syntactic cues and an over-reliance on plausibility information by persons with agrammatic aphasia can be explained by the same noisy-channel framework, rather than a syntactic deficit. On this account, persons with aphasia simply have a higher base level of noise in their representation of how a message is likely to be corrupted. These novel proposals raise important questions about language processing in healthy individuals, as well as persons with aphasia. The proposed work will examine the learning and memory mechanisms that support the representation of the noise model. Aim 1. To determine whether listeners adapt to specific properties of the noise and to what extent the representations are tied to the context in which they are experienced. Aim 2. To investigate whether the representation of noise and adaptation mechanisms differ between healthy individuals and persons with agrammatic aphasia. In the proposed experiments, we will address these aims by comparing persons with agrammatic aphasia to neurologically healthy controls and brain damaged controls. Participants will be exposed to sentences, some of which contain errors (i.e., noise), and asked to interpret their meaning. The critical sentences will be grammatically correct but implausible based on world knowledge (e.g. “The mother gave the candle the daughter.”). If participants assume the intended sentence was actually, “The mother gave the candle to the daughter,” that indicates that, in their model of the noise, the deletion of one word is very likely. The noise will be manipulated in various ways to test whether participants can learn specific features of the noise (e.g., that some errors are more likely than others), bind features of the noise to the context (e.g., that some errors are more likely but only given a particular speaker), or flexibly exert control over their own adaptation (e.g., adjust their expectations if they are told the speaker's errors were due to an external disturbance that has been removed). Findings from this research will bring us one step closer to understanding how the language processing system, in healthy individuals, accomplishes such efficient communication in the face of variable noise. Furthermore, understanding how these noise-adaptation mechanisms operate in aphasia will contribute to the development of treatments for persons with aphasia.

拟议的研究和培训的广泛目标是了解 是有效的语言理解的基础，以及如何在语言障碍的人中改变这些理解， 语言处理的最新理论提出了沟通通常是 在噪音的前提下（例如，吉布森，卑尔根和Piantadosi，2013年），以扬声器错误，环境噪声的形式， 或听众的误解 - 并理解员工的先验知识和噪音的合理整合 推断损坏信息的预期含义的证据。此外，吉布森，桑德伯格，费多伦科， 卑尔根和基兰（在印刷中）的提案未能使用句法提示和过度依赖合理性 具有类似失语症的人的信息可以通过相同的噪声通道框架来解释 而不是句法防御。在这个帐户中，失语症的人根本具有更高的噪音水平 在表示信息如何损坏的代表中。这些新颖的建议提出了重要 关于健康个体的语言处理以及失语症的人的问题。提议 工作将检查支持噪声模型表示的学习和记忆机制。 目的1。确定听众是否适应噪声的特定特性以及在多大程度上 表示与他们所经历的环境有关。 目的2。研究噪声和适应机制的表示是否有所不同 健康的个体和农业失语症的人。 在拟议的实验中，我们将通过比较类比的人来解决这些目标 神经健康控制和大脑受损控制的失语症。参与者将暴露于 句子，其中一些包含错误（即噪声），并要求解释其含义。关键 句子在语法上是正确的，但基于世界知识是令人难以置信的（例如，母亲给了 女儿蜡烛。”）。如果参与者认为预期的判决实际上是，“母亲给了 对女儿的蜡烛，”这表明，在他们的噪音模型中，一个单词的删除很可能。 噪声将以各种方式操纵，以测试参与者是否可以学习的特定功能 噪声（例如，某些错误比其他错误更有可能），将噪声的特征绑定到上下文（例如， 有些错误更有可能，但只有特定的说话者），或灵活地控制自己 改编（例如，如果被告知说话者的错误是由于外部的，请调整他们的期望 已删除的干扰）。这项研究的发现将使我们更接近理解 在健康个体中，语言处理系统如何完成这种有效的沟通 可变噪声的面孔。此外，了解这些噪声适应机制如何在 失语症将有助于为失语症患者发展治疗。