Air Pollution, Heat, Cold, and Health: Disparities in the Rural South

空气污染、炎热、寒冷和健康：南方农村地区的差异

基本信息

批准号：
10390562
负责人：
Michelle L Bell
金额：
$ 70.58万
依托单位：
YALE UNIVERSITY
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
2022
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2022-07-24 至 2027-03-31
项目状态：
未结题

来源：
https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10390562
关键词：
Accounting Address Affect Air Pollutants Air Pollution Appalachian Region Architecture Area Behavior Birth Black, Indigenous, People of Color Cities Communities Congenital Abnormality Data Databases Development Education Environmental Exposure Environmental Hazards Environmental Health Ethnic Origin Exposure to Goals Health Health Policy Heat Waves Heterogeneity High temperature of physical object Hospitalization Income Individual Infant Intervention Knowledge Life Expectancy Link Low Birth Weight Infant Medicare Methods Morbidity - disease rate Municipalities National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities Nitrogen Dioxide Older Population Outcome Ozone Persons Pollution Population Population Density Population Sizes Premature Birth Public Health Race Regulation Research Resources Role Rural Rural Community Rural Health Rural Minority Rural Population Science Socioeconomic Status Source United States Environmental Protection Agency United States National Institutes of Health Urban Population Variant Virginia Weather West Virginia adverse birth outcomes air quality regulation ambient air pollution base cold temperature community-level factor environmental health disparity environmental justice ethnic minority population experience extreme heat extreme temperature fine particles health care availability health disparity health disparity populations health economics heat island intersectionality low socioeconomic status mortality pollutant racial and ethnic racial disparity racial health disparity racial minority response rural area rural dwellers rural environment rural setting rurality socioeconomics stressor urban area urban setting

项目摘要

Many populations in rural settings, especially racial and ethnic minority groups, may suffer disproportionate environmental health burdens, such as from air pollution or extreme temperatures. Yet the vast majority of research on environmental health disparities (i.e., “environmental justice”) for air pollution, as well as research on air pollution and health more generally, is conducted for cities. The people, communities, and air pollution sources and mixtures are quite distinct in rural versus urban settings, such that national strategies (i.e., federal regulations) may not be sufficiently protective of health for rural populations. Similarly, research on the health consequences of high and low temperatures, especially for prolonged periods of heat (i.e., “heat waves”), has almost exclusively focused on urban areas. Therefore, current research has major scientific gaps on how the health of rural populations, including rural racial and ethnic minority groups, is impacted by air pollution and extreme temperature. The rural south, particularly the Appalachian region, has higher rates of adverse health outcomes in both older populations (>65y) and infants, compared to national averages. Within the south, rural populations suffer higher rates of multiple morbidities than urban populations, including health outcomes that are linked to air pollution and extreme heat and cold in urban environments. Rural residents also have lower overall income, lower educational attainment, less access to health care, and three years lower life expectancy than their urban counterparts. Evidence suggest that health disparities by race are larger for rural minorities than their urban counterparts. Given the differences in populations, behaviors, environmental hazards, and socioeconomic status (SES), the associations between air pollution, extreme temperature, and health could differ substantially for rural and urban settings. These relationships may also differ across types of rural areas, given the heterogeneity of rural environments. Scientific evidence is urgently needed on the disproportionate impacts of air pollution and extreme temperature in rural environments, with an understanding of the range of rural settings. Our long-term goal is to generate the methods, databases, and scientific estimates that enable knowledge to protect health in rural populations. We propose to: 1) generate a data architecture for air pollution, heat, cold, health, SES, rural form, and other factors in Virginia and West Virginia; 2) estimate disparities in exposure to air pollution and weather (cold, heat, and heat waves) by race/ethnicity, SES, and rurality, accounting for variations in rural form; and 3) estimate disparities in the associations between exposure to air pollution or weather and health for the very young (adverse birth outcomes) and older populations (hospital admissions for those <65 years) for rural populations, considering differences by various vulnerability factors (low SES, race/ethnicity) and rural form. These aims will provide some of the first comprehensive evidence of how air pollution, heat, and cold impact health in rural communities, including differences by rural form and intersectionality of vulnerability factors, such as race, ethnicity, and SES.

农村地区的许多人口，特别是少数族裔群体，可能会遭受不成比例的痛苦环境健康负担，例如空气污染或极端温度。关于空气污染的环境健康差异（即“环境正义”）的研究，以及研究更广泛地讲，关于空气污染和健康的研究是针对城市人民、社区和空气污染进行的。农村和城市环境中的来源和混合物截然不同，因此国家战略（即联邦战略）同样，健康研究也可能不足以保护农村人口的健康。高温和低温的后果，特别是长时间的高温（即“热浪”），已经因此，目前的研究主要集中在城市地区。农村人口（包括农村少数民族群体）的健康受到空气污染和南部农村地区，尤其是阿巴拉契亚地区，出现极端气温的情况较高。与南方农村地区的全国平均水平相比，老年人群（> 65 岁）和婴儿的结果。人口的多种发病率高于城市人口，包括以下健康结果：与城市环境中的空气污染和极热和极冷有关的风险也较低。总体收入、教育程度较低、获得医疗保健的机会较少、预期寿命缩短三年有证据表明，农村少数民族的种族健康差异更大。考虑到人口、行为、环境危害和方面的差异。失业状况（SES）、空气污染、极端温度和健康之间的关联可以对于农村和城市环境，这些关系也可能因农村地区类型的不同而不同。鉴于农村环境的异质性，迫切需要科学证据来证明不成比例的情况。空气污染和极端温度对农村环境的影响，了解其范围我们的长期目标是生成能够实现农村环境的方法、数据库和科学估计。我们建议：1）生成空气数据架构。弗吉尼亚州和西弗吉尼亚州的污染、炎热、寒冷、健康、社会经济地位、农村形态和其他因素 2) 估计；不同种族/族裔、社会经济地位和影响的空气污染和天气（冷、热和热浪）暴露差异农村性，考虑农村形式的差异；3）估计之间的关联差异；暴露于空气污染或天气以及幼儿（不良出生结果）和老年人的健康农村人口（<65 岁入院人数），考虑不同地区的差异脆弱性因素（社会经济地位低、种族/族裔）和农村形式这些目标将提供一些首要目标。空气污染、炎热和寒冷如何影响农村社区健康的综合证据，包括农村形式的差异以及脆弱因素的交叉性，例如种族、民族和社会经济地位。