Infants' Understanding of Violations of Expectation: The Role of Social Agents and Repetition

婴儿对违反期望的理解：社会代理人和重复的作用

• 批准号: 10617270
• 负责人: Gina Mireault
• 金额: $ 13.66万
• 依托单位: NORTHERN VERMONT UNIVERSITY-JOHNSON
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2022-05-10 至 2026-03-31
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10617270
• 关键词: Adult; Affective; Area; Behavior; Behavioral; Caregivers; Child; Cognition; Cognitive; Data; Deceleration; Development; Emotional; Emotions; Event; Exhibits; Expectancy; Force of Gravity; Goals; Hand; Heart Rate; Human Development; Infant; Infant Behavior; Infant Development; Knowledge; Literature; Measures; Methodology; Methods; Morphologic artifacts; Natural Laws; Noise; Ocular Fixation; Participant; Physiological; Protocols documentation; Randomized; Reaction; Research; Research Personnel; Resolution; Resources; Role; Rural; Sampling; Science; Scientist; Side; Smiling; Starvation; Time; Underrepresented Students; college; design; expectation; experience; experimental study; improved; innovation; minority student; novel; public health relevance; response; social; social engagement; tool; vocalization

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Objectives: Developmental scientists frequently employ the Violation of Expectation (VOE) paradigm to investigate two areas of infant development: cognitive and social-emotional. Cognitive scientists find that infants look at VOEs, while social-emotional researchers find infants smile at VOEs. In addition to conflicting, these findings remain siloed. The two sides also employ different methods suggesting the findings may be methodological artifacts: cognitive researchers present infants with VOEs in which objects appear to behave by themselves, while social-emotion researchers present infants with VOEs in which agents behave with objects. The former may restrict infants to looking simply because the events are out of the range of typical perceptual experience, yet have led to the inference that infants have an innate sense of natural laws. This project will merge these lines of inquiry and extend the dependent measures to include behavioral, affective, and physiological metrics to examine if and how infants distinguish between VOEs, contributing important knowledge about early cognitive and social capacities. Specifically, the project will present infants with VOEs from the cognitive literature but presented using the social-emotional protocol that involves social agents (Specific Aim #1) and repetition (Specific Aim #2), two features that may resolve these problematic discrepancies and explain how infants make sense of VOEs. Design and Methods: In experiment #1, 6-month-olds (N=60) will observe two VOEs taken from the literature (object disappearance & object switch; Baillargeon, 1994a & Dunn & Bremner, 2017, respectively) in which a familiar object (e.g., ball) appears to behave by itself (asocial) or an agent behaves with the object (social) in a 2x2 (social/asocial condition x control/VOE event) mixed factorial design. We expect an interaction effect in which infants exhibit more smiling vs. ,more looking at VOEs performed with or without a social agent, respectively. In experiment #2, another sample of 6-month-olds (N=60) will observe the same VOEs and their corresponding control events (within-s’s factor) as described in experiment #1 but be randomly assigned (between-s’s factor) to single or repeated exposure. We predict more smiling toward VOEs presented with repetition (experimental), and more looking at VOEs without repetition (control). In both experiments we expect smaller ratio of looking and larger ratio of smiling in the social/asocial and repetition/single-exposure conditions, respectively. In both experiments heart rate deceleration is predicted to corroborate visual fixation to VOEs and mean (beats/minute) HR decreases/RSA increases in conjunction with looking and/or smiling.

项目概要/摘要 目标：发育科学家经常使用违反期望（VOE）范式来 研究婴儿发育的两个领域：认知和社会情感科学家发现。 婴儿看着 VOE，而社会情感研究人员发现婴儿会对 VOE 微笑。 这些调查结果仍然是孤立的，双方还采用了不同的方法，表明调查结果可能是不同的。 方法论假象：认知研究人员向婴儿展示 VOE，其中物体的行为似乎是 而社会情感研究人员则向婴儿展示 VOE，其中主体对物体进行行为。 前者可能仅仅因为事件超出了典型的知觉范围而限制婴儿看 经验，但已得出这样的推论：婴儿具有与生俱来的自然法则意识。 合并这些调查线索，并将相关措施扩展到包括行为、情感和 生理指标来检查婴儿是否以及如何区分 VOE，做出了重要贡献 具体来说，该项目将为婴儿提供 VOE。 来自认知文献，但使用涉及社会主体的社会情感协议来呈现 （具体目标#1）和重复（具体目标#2），这两个功能可以解决这些问题 差异并解释婴儿如何理解 VOE。 设计和方法：在实验 #1 中，6 个月大的孩子 (N=60) 将观察从 文献（对象消失和对象切换；Baillargeon，1994a 和 Dunn & Bremner，2017，分别） 熟悉的物体（例如球）似乎会自行表现（非社交）或代理与该物体一起表现 （社会）在 2x2（社会/非社会条件 x 控制/VOE 事件）混合因子设计中我们期望一个。 交互效应，其中婴儿表现出更多的微笑，而不是更多地观看有或没有进行的 VOE 在实验#2 中，另一个 6 个月大的孩子样本（N=60）也会观察到同样的情况。 VOE 及其相应的控制事件（在 s 因子内）如实验 #1 中所述，但是随机的 我们预测对所呈现的 VOE 会更多地微笑。 有重复（实验），以及更多地观察没有重复的 VOE（对照）。 期望在社交/非社交和重复/单次曝光中观看的比例较小，微笑的比例较大 在这两个实验中，心率减慢被预测为证实视觉固定。 与注视和/或微笑相关的 VOE 和平均（心跳/分钟）HR 降低/RSA 增加。