Social referencing and the influence of parental affect on non-ambulatory infants

社会参照和父母影响对非行走婴儿的影响

• 批准号: 8270667
• 负责人: Gina Mireault
• 金额: $ 30.01万
• 依托单位: NORTHERN VERMONT UNIVERSITY-JOHNSON
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2012-08-06 至 2015-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8270667
• 关键词: Affect; Affective; Age; Autistic Disorder; Behavior; Behavioral; Caregivers; Child; Cues; Data; Development; Developmental Delay Disorders; Emotional; Emotions; Equilibrium; Event; Exhibits; Face; Facial Expression; Fright; Funding; Gender; Head; Heart Rate; Infant; Investigation; Knowledge; Measures; Modality; Mood Disorders; Motor; Nose; Parents; Physiological; Play; Procedures; Process; Research; Research Design; Research Personnel; Risk; Role; Sampling; Social Interaction; Temperament; United States National Institutes of Health; Visual; Work; approach avoidance behavior; design; developmental disease; early onset; emotion regulation; infant temperament; novel; parental influence; research study; response; social; social cognition; theories

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Background: Social referencing (SR) refers to infants' use of caregivers as emotional guides to help them interpret ambiguous situations as safe or threatening. Understanding SR can advance our knowledge of infant social cognition and establish early markers of developmental disorders. For example, older children with autism are less likely to use caregivers as social referents (Walden, 1993). Most studies have been conducted with infants who are ambulatory, a criterion of the classic SR paradigm, therefore ignoring younger infants. This has hindered our knowledge of possible early mechanisms of emotion regulation. In addition to advancing knowledge of infant social-emotional development, the proposed studies will assist in developing a new research paradigm for studying SR in not-yet-ambulatory infants. Objective and Aims: The proposed studies will track the emergence of SR in 4-to 6- month-olds, as well as demonstrate that 6-month-olds' emotional responses are influenced by parental emotion (fear or joy) during ambiguous situations. We will also show that 6-month-olds rely more on parental emotion (fear or joy) than contextual cues during unambiguous (i.e., frightening or funny) events. We hypothesize that infants will mirror parents' affect (fear/joy) through a variety of modalities (facial expression, behavioral approach/avoidance, and heart rate) during both ambiguous and unambiguous events, and predict that infant temperament will moderate the effect of parental emotion on infants' responses (infant approach/avoidance, heart rate, and joy/fear). Research Design: Sixty 4-month-olds will watch a parent presented with ordinary and ambiguous/absurd events during which parents will respond with joy or neutrality. The procedure will be repeated at 5 months old. At 6-months, the same infants will observe a parent presented with an ambiguous object while responding with facial and vocal cues of fear/joy in counter-balanced order. Sixty additional 6-month-olds will observe a parent presented with potentially frightening and funny objects, while providing congruent or incongruent emotional cues in a within-subjects design. In both studies, infants' SR, affect (negative/positive), behavior (avoidance/approach), and heart rate will be measured. Infant gender and temperament will be investigated as moderating variables. Sequential analysis (Bakeman & Gottman, 1997) will be used to understand the dynamic sequence that underlies infant affective response during parent-infant social interaction. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This research may establish the early influence of social referencing, and thus has implications for identifying an early marker of developmental disorders. It may increase knowledge of emotion regulation in infants, including risk for affective disorders.

描述（由申请人提供）：背景：社会参考（SR）是指婴儿将护理人员用作情感指南，以帮助他们将歧义的情况解释为安全或威胁。了解SR可以提高我们对婴儿社会认知的了解，并建立发育障碍的早期标志。例如，年龄较大的自闭症儿童不太可能将护理人员用作社会对象（Walden，1993）。大多数研究都是针对卧床的婴儿进行的，这是经典SR范式的标准，因此忽略了年轻的婴儿。这阻碍了我们对情绪调节可能早期机制的了解。除了促进对婴儿社会情感发展的知识外，拟议的研究还将有助于开发一个新的研究范式，用于研究未尚未启发的婴儿。目的和目的：拟议的研究将跟踪4至6个月大的SR的出现，并证明6个月大的情绪反应受到父母情绪（恐惧或欢乐）在模棱两可的情况下的影响。我们还将表明，在明确的事件（即恐惧或有趣的）事件中，6个月大的人更多地依赖父母的情感（恐惧或喜悦）。我们假设婴儿将在模棱两可和明确的事件中通过多种方式（面部表情，行为方法/避免和心率）反映父母的影响（恐惧/欢乐），并预测婴儿的气质会减轻父母的效果对婴儿的反应（婴儿方法/避免，心率和欢乐/恐惧）的情绪。研究设计：六十4个月大的孩子将观看父母的普通和模棱两可/荒谬的事件，在此期间，父母将以欢乐或中立的回应。该程序将在5个月大时重复。在六个月的时间里，同一婴儿将观察一个父母，表现出一个模棱两可的物体，同时以恐惧/喜悦的面部和人声提示以平衡的顺序做出反应。另外六十个6个月大的孩子将观察到一个可能令人恐惧和有趣的物体的父母，同时在主题内设计中提供一致或不一致的情感线索。在这两项研究中，都将测量婴儿的SR，影响（负/阳性），行为（避免/方法）和心率。婴儿性别和气质将作为调节变量进行研究。顺序分析（Bakeman＆Gottman，1997）将用于了解在父母遭受社交互动期间婴儿情感反应构成的动态序列。 公共卫生相关性：这项研究可能会建立社会参考的早期影响，因此对确定发育障碍的早期标志具有影响。它可能会增加对婴儿情绪调节的了解，包括情感风险 疾病。