The role of attentional bias, counterfactual thinking, and protective behavioral strategies in ENDS users

注意力偏差、反事实思维和保护性行为策略在 ENDS 用户中的作用

• 批准号: 10828482
• 负责人: Brian August Anderson
• 金额: $ 6.16万
• 依托单位: TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2022-06-01 至 2024-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10828482
• 关键词: Accounting; Addictive Behavior; Address; Adverse effects; Attention; Attitude; Behavioral; Clinical; Clinical Assessment Tool; Clinical Psychology; Clinical assessments; Cognitive; Cognitive Science; Cues; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Exposure to; Foundations; Generations; Goals; Habits; Health; Individual; Intervention; Knowledge; Link; Maintenance; Measures; Mediating; Modification; Nature; Nicotine Dependence; Outcome; Participant; Pattern; Play; Process; Public Health; Reaction Time; Research; Rewards; Role; Sampling; Smoking; Social Psychology; Stimulus; Substance Addiction; Techniques; Testing; Thinking; Time; Work; addiction; adverse outcome; attentional bias; attentional control; aversive conditioning; behavior influence; cognitive process; effective intervention; effective therapy; experience; experimental study; falls; improved; information processing; insight; interest; intervention program; novel; novel strategies; parent grant; programs; prolonged abstinence; sensory input

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT The use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) is on the rise and has been linked to nicotine dependence. Abuse of ENDS is associated with a variety of adverse consequences, but as is frequently observed with substance dependence, these adverse consequences are often insufficient to motivate and sustain quitting attempts. Nicotine dependence remains a significant public health burden. New approaches to facilitate quitting and sustain abstinence are needed, which will require novel insights into why a nicotine addiction remains so difficult to overcome. Attention has long been understood to play an important role in the addiction process, including nicotine addiction. Attention selects which aspects of sensory input receive cognitive processing and thereby influence behavior. A substantial body of research has been devoted to investigating the mechanisms by which smoking-related cues draw attention through reward-mediated processes and the degree to which these biases predict quitting, along with developing attentional bias modification techniques intended to facilitate quitting. These efforts have been largely unsuccessful and therefore appear to fall short of accounting for the full range of information processing biases responsible for the maintenance of a nicotine addiction. In the pursuit of a more comprehensive account of these biases, the influence of aversive outcomes on attention offers promise. Interest in how aversive outcomes influence the control of attention has grown in recent years, and robust biases towards aversively conditioned stimuli have been identified in non-clinical samples. The role of aversive conditioning in attention could be especially pertinent to understanding why individuals often maintain an addiction despite repeated exposure to its harmful effects, which could reflect under-prioritization of threat cues that then fail to deter addictive behaviors. Research suggests that cognitive avoidance strategies may improve attentional control when the individual is given ample time to apply the strategy. Cognitive strategies, such as counterfactual thinking paired with clinically backed strategies (i.e., protective behavioral strategies; PBS), may serve as the steppingstone towards more adaptive attentional bias towards threat stimuli. However, how attention is influenced by counterfactuals paired with PBS remains unexplored. To address this gap, the proposed research seeks to identify how ENDS users and non-users differ with respect to attentional bias and CF processes. New Specific Aim 1 focuses on the relationship between attentional bias and CF content, providing an initial glimpse into how individuals with nicotine addiction engage in CF processes. New Specific Aims 2 extends this by focusing on how CFs and attentional bias predict PBS engagement, intentions, and ENDS use measures. The findings will provide necessary insights into the role of cognitive processes, such as CFs and attentional bias, in the realm of nicotine addiction, the implications of which can help inform many of the cognitive-behavioral techniques used in clinical assessments and intervention programs.

项目概要/摘要 电子尼古丁传送系统 (ENDS) 的使用呈上升趋势，并且与尼古丁有关 依赖性。滥用电子尼古丁传送系统会带来各种不良后果，但正如经常发生的那样 观察到物质依赖，这些不良后果往往不足以激励和 维持戒烟尝试。尼古丁依赖仍然是一个重大的公共卫生负担。新方法 需要促进戒烟和维持戒烟，这将需要对尼古丁为何如此的新见解 成瘾仍然很难克服。长期以来，注意力一直被认为在 成瘾过程，包括尼古丁成瘾。注意力选择接收感官输入的哪些方面 认知处理，从而影响行为。大量研究致力于 研究吸烟相关线索通过奖励介导引起注意的机制 过程和这些偏见预测戒烟的程度，以及注意力偏见的发展 旨在促进戒烟的修改技术。这些努力基本上没有成功 因此，似乎无法解释导致信息处理偏差的全部范围 维持尼古丁成瘾。为了更全面地解释这些偏见， 厌恶结果对注意力的影响提供了希望。对厌恶结果如何影响的兴趣 近年来，人们对注意力的控制有所增强，并且对厌恶性条件刺激的强烈偏见 在非临床样本中已被鉴定。厌恶性条件反射对注意力的作用可能尤其重要 有助于理解为什么尽管反复接触有害物质，但个人仍会保持成瘾状态 效应，这可能反映出威胁线索的优先级不足，从而无法阻止成瘾行为。 研究表明，当个体处于困境时，认知回避策略可以改善注意力控制。 给予充足的时间来应用该策略。认知策略，例如反事实思维与 临床支持的策略（即保护性行为策略；PBS）可以作为踏脚石 对威胁刺激产生更具适应性的注意力偏差。然而，注意力是如何影响的 反事实与 PBS 的搭配仍未被探索。为了解决这一差距，拟议的研究旨在 确定 ENDS 用户和非用户在注意力偏差和 CF 过程方面有何不同。新具体 目标 1 关注注意力偏差和 CF 内容之间的关系，初步了解 尼古丁成瘾者如何参与 CF 过程。新的具体目标 2 通过聚焦来扩展这一点 关于 CF 和注意力偏差如何预测 PBS 参与度、意图和 ENDS 使用措施。研究结果 将为认知过程的作用提供必要的见解，例如CF和注意偏差，在 尼古丁成瘾领域，其影响可以帮助告知许多认知行为 临床评估和干预计划中使用的技术。