Implicit and explicit mechanisms in crack cocaine and sex trade association

快克可卡因和性交易协会的隐性和显性机制

• 批准号: 8073043
• 负责人: Catalina Kopetz
• 金额: $ 5.05万
• 依托单位: UNIV OF MARYLAND, COLLEGE PARK
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-07-01 至 2011-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8073043
• 关键词: AIDS prevention; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Acute; Address; Adopted; Affect; Asses; Attitude; Behavior; Behavior Control; Behavioral; Bilateral; Bux; Cocaine Abuse; Cocaine Users; Cognition; Cognitive; Conscious; Crack Cocaine; Crowding; Cues; Daughter; Dependency; Disadvantaged; Dissociation; Drug abuse; Drug usage; Drug user; Economic Factors; Effectiveness; Empirical Research; Enrollment; Epidemic; Equilibrium; Evaluation; Exclusion; Feeling; Female; Future; Gender; Gender Role; Goals; HIV; HIV Infections; Heterosexuals; Homosexuality; Individual; Intention; Intervention; Investigation; Left; Life; Motivation; Nature; Participant; Patient Self-Report; Persons; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Play; Prevalence; Preventive Intervention; Process; Prostitution; Recording of previous events; Reporting; Research; Research Personnel; Risk; Risk Behaviors; Role; Sampling; Sex Behavior; Social Environment; Staging; Stimulus; Substance abuse problem; Techniques; Testing; Unsafe Sex; Vulnerable Populations; Water; Woman; addiction; behavior influence; clinical application; cognitive control; comparison group; conditioning; condoms; contextual factors; craving; design; driving behavior; drug abuser; drug craving; experience; high risk sexual behavior; inner city; interest; intravenous drug user; male; men; men' s group; operation; pressure; sex; sex risk; social; substance abuse treatment; substance abuser; success; treatment program

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Previous research has showed that crack cocaine dependencies frequently associated with engagement in sex exchange for drugs and/or money. Cultural, social and economical factors make female crack cocaine users particularly vulnerable to such practices and, as a consequence, to increased risk for HIV. The escalation of the AIDS epidemic among crack cocaine abusing women justifies the need for research to better understand the mechanism underlying the relationship between crack cocaine abuse and sex trade. This association raises the paradox of voluntarily self-destructive, even life-threatening behaviors. The challenge is to understand why people continue to engage in such behaviors that they know will harm them, despite their attempts not to do so. The proposed research suggests that one mechanism responsible for such paradox is the dissociation between the explicit and implicit evaluations and behavioral intentions regarding engagement in sex trade in the context of drug use. Specifically, while crack cocaine users may report negative feelings toward sex trade and behavioral intentions to avoid it in the future, on the implicit level, such practice remains positively related to the goal of obtaining the drug. Consequently, once such goal is activated by contextual factors (though a cue-conditioned craving), this activation will automatically activate behavioral representations and resultant action (tendency to engage in sex trade) enabling the goal directed behavior to occur in the absence of conscious intentions and control. The proposed research aims to investigate the operation of such mechanism in a sample of 120 crack cocaine users currently enrolled in residential substance abuse treatment as a function of gender (female vs. male), previous involvement in sex exchange (present vs. absent) and cognitively induced drug craving (present vs. absent). The research adopts a theoretical and methodological approach that emphasizes motivation as cognition and its implicit nature. Such approach offers a conceptual background and specific investigation techniques to asses those processes underlying the relationship between crack/cocaine abuse and risky sexual behavior that may not be readily captured by conscious introspection or cannot easily be controlled, but they nevertheless influence behavior. Empirical support for such mechanism may inform existing interventions which could help to moderate these automatic mechanisms. In addition, new techniques aimed directly at modifying implicit cognitive processes (e .g. through evaluative conditioning) in substance abuse may be developed.

描述（由申请人提供）：先前的研究表明，与从事性交交换药物和/或金钱有关的可卡因依赖性经常相关。文化，社会和经济因素使女性破解可卡因使用者特别容易受到这种做法的影响，并因此增加了艾滋病毒的风险。可卡因虐待妇女的艾滋病流行的升级证明，需要研究的需要，以更好地了解可卡因滥用与性贸易之间关系的机制。 这种关联提高了自愿自我毁灭，甚至威胁生命的行为的悖论。面临的挑战是要了解为什么人们继续从事这样的行为，尽管他们试图不这样做，但他们知道会伤害他们。拟议的研究表明，负责这种悖论的一种机制是在药物使用情况下对从事性贸易的显式和隐式评估和行为意图之间的解离。具体而言，尽管可卡因的使用者可能会对将来的性交易和行为意图报告负面情绪，以避免这种情况，但在隐式层面上，这种做法仍然与获得该药物的目标呈正相关。因此，一旦通过上下文因素激活了此类目标（尽管提示条件是渴望），则这种激活将自动激活行为表示形式，并在没有有意识的意图和控制的情况下实现目标的指示行为，从而实现目标行为。拟议的研究目的 为了调查目前在120个裂纹可卡因使用者的样本中运行这种机制，目前招募了滥用住宅药物滥用治疗作为性别（女性与男性）的函数，以前参与性交（当前与缺席）以及认知诱导的药物渴望（当前与缺席）。该研究采用了一种理论和方法论方法，该方法强调动机为认知及其内在性质。这种方法提供了一种概念背景和特定的调查技术，以评估裂缝/可卡因滥用与风险性行为之间关系的基础的过程 很容易通过有意识的内省捕获，或者不能轻易控制，但是它们仍然会影响行为。对这种机制的经验支持可能会为现有干预措施提供信息，这可能有助于调节这些自动机制。此外，可以开发旨在直接开发滥用药物滥用的隐性认知过程（例如，通过评估条件）的新技术。