Delay Discounting and the Choice to Take a Drug

延迟折扣和服用药物的选择

• 批准号: 8287680
• 负责人: William L. Woolverton
• 金额: $ 29万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI MED CTR
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2010-09-30 至 2015-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8287680
• 关键词: Affect; Attention; Behavior; Behavioral; Cocaine; Dose; Drug abuse; Food; Goals; Human; Injection of therapeutic agent; Literature; Modeling; Monkeys; Nature; Outcome; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Psychological reinforcement; Relative (related person); Research; Rewards; Saccharin; Self Administration; Sucrose; Therapeutic; Time; Work; base; design; discount; discounting; drug abstinence; drug abuser; drug of abuse; human subject; interest; non-drug; public health relevance; reinforcer; research study; response

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Delay between a behavior and its reinforcer usually decreases the subjective value of the reinforcer, a phenomenon termed delay discounting. There is a well-established quantitative model, the hyperbolic discounting function, which describes delay discounting. Research with delay discounting has made substantial theoretical contributions to our understanding of drug abuse. For example, drug abusers discount the value of drugs more rapidly than they do monetary reinforcers, suggesting that discounting rate may depend on the nature of the reinforcer. However, experiments comparing discounting of drugs and money have studied a single magnitude of each reinforcer in a hypothetical choice situation. In humans, magnitude of a delayed reinforcer is a crucial determinant of discounting rate. Research with non-humans is beginning to contribute to our understanding of the effects of delay on drug choice. Recently, we found that monkeys discounted non-drug reinforcers more steeply than they did cocaine, a result opposite to that observed in drug abusers. This difference may be due to the nature of the specific reinforcers studied, or to the use of real reinforcers with monkeys vs. hypothetical reinforcers with humans. Alternatively, it may be a consequence of differences in the relative magnitudes of the reinforcers. We propose to investigate the effect of reinforcer magnitude and delay on the rate of discounting of drug and non-drug reinforcers in monkeys given allomorphic (i.e., drug/non-drug) choices. Aim 1 is to establish dose-response functions for cocaine when the choice is between an immediate injection of cocaine and the delayed presentation of food. Discounting functions will be established for different amounts of food available with various delays. This allomorphic choice situation (i.e., immediate drug vs. delayed food) is analogous to the one underlying discounting interpretations of drug abuse: drug abusers are assumed to impulsively choose immediate drug reinforcers over larger, delayed non-drug reinforcers. Such allomorphic choice has received little study to date. Aim 2 is to establish magnitude-response functions for food when the choice is between the presentation of an immediate amount of food and a delayed injection of cocaine. Discounting functions will be established for different doses of cocaine available with various delays. This allomorphic choice situation is important because drug abuse also can involve choosing between more immediate non-drug reinforcers and delayed drug reinforcers, as exemplified by the fact that drug abusers often devote considerable time and effort to procuring drugs. This situation has received virtually no discussion in the discounting literature. Our hypotheses for both Aims are that the discounting of the delayed reinforcer will be well described by the hyperbolic function and that rate of discounting will vary inversely with the amount of the delayed reinforcer. The results will have important implications for understanding the determinants of drug choice and, potentially, for the use of delay to reinforcement in a therapeutic context. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Introducing a delay between a behavior and its consequence often weakens the behavior. Drug self- administration is a strongly maintained behavior, at least partially because of its immediate effects. The present project is designed to examine the choice between a drug injection and a non-drug reward to establish the extent to which both the magnitude of reward and the delay to reward determine the outcome of that choice. The results will enhance our understanding of behavioral approaches to decreasing the choice to take a drug of abuse.

描述（由申请人提供）：行为及其增强器之间的延迟通常会降低增强器的主观值，这一现象称为延迟折现。有一个完善的定量模型，即双曲线折现功能，它描述了延迟折现。延迟打折的研究为我们对药物滥用的理解做出了重大理论贡献。例如，吸毒者比货币增强剂更快地折价药物的价值，这表明折现率可能取决于增强器的性质。但是，在假设的选择情况下，比较毒品和金钱打折的实验研究了每个增强器的单一幅度。在人类中，延迟增强器的大小是折现率的关键决定因素。非人类的研究开始有助于我们理解延迟对药物选择的影响。最近，我们发现猴子比可卡因更陡峭地打折了非毒品增强剂，这与滥用药物相反。这种差异可能是由于所研究的特定增强剂的性质，或者是由于使用猴子与人类假设的增强剂使用真正的增强剂。另外，这可能是增强剂相对幅度差异的结果。我们建议研究增强量和延迟对猴子在同种异体（即药物/非药物）选择的猴子中药物和非药物增强剂折现率的影响。目的1是在可卡因立即注入可卡因和食物延迟表现之间的选择时，为可卡因建立剂量反应功能。将针对各种延迟的不同食物建立折现功能。这种同种异体选择情况（即，即时药物与延迟食品）类似于对药物滥用的基本折现解释：假定毒品滥用者偶然选择立即选择立即的药物钢筋，而不是较大的，延迟的非毒品固定剂。迄今为止，这种同种异体选择几乎没有研究。目的2是在选择立即量与可卡因延迟注入之间的选择之间建立食物的大小响应函数。为不同剂量的可卡因提供各种延迟的可卡因，将建立折现功能。这种同种态选择情况很重要，因为药物滥用也可能涉及在更直接的非药物增强剂和延迟的药物增强剂之间选择，这是一个事实，即毒品滥用者经常花费大量时间和精力来采购药物。这种情况几乎没有在折现文献中进行讨论。我们针对这两个目标的假设是，延迟增强器的折现将由双曲线功能很好地描述，而折现率将与延迟的增强器的数量相反。结果将对理解药物选择的决定因素以及在治疗背景下使用延迟进行增强具有重要意义。 公共卫生相关性：引入行为及其后果之间的延迟通常会削弱行为。药物自我给药是一种强烈维持的行为，至少部分是由于其直接影响。本项目旨在检查药物注射和非药物奖励之间的选择，以确定奖励的幅度和奖励的延迟确定该选择的结果的程度。结果将增强我们对降低服用滥用药物的选择的行为方法的理解。