Risk and Protective Factors for Adjustment of College Women After a Mass Shooting

大规模枪击事件后女大学生调整的风险和保护因素

• 批准号: 7689291
• 负责人: HOLLY K ORCUTT
• 金额: $ 13.76万
• 依托单位: NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2008
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2008-09-18 至 2011-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7689291
• 关键词: Affect; Affective; Alcohol or Other Drugs use; Anxiety; Anxiety Disorders; Characteristics; Childhood; Clinical; Communities; Data; Development; Diagnosis; Diagnostic; Dissociation; Distress; Emotional; Enrollment; Exposure to; Female; Fire - disasters; Future; Gold; Health; Hormones; Hydrocortisone; Illinois; Individual; Intervention; Interview; Laboratories; Life; Longitudinal Studies; Measures; Mental Health; Mental disorders; Modeling; Nature; Outcome; Outcome Measure; Participant; Patient Self-Report; Physiological; Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders; Posttraumatic growth; Principal Investigator; Procedures; Quality of life; Reaction; Reading; Recording of previous events; Recovery; Recruitment Activity; Regulation; Reporting; Research; Resources; Risk; Risk Factors; Role; Saliva; Salivary; Sampling; Schools; Screening procedure; Severities; Sex Behavior; Social support; Stress; Structure; Surveys; Symptoms; Testing; Text; Time; Time Study; Trauma; Universities; Violence; Woman; Writing; base; college; computerized; coping; depression; depressive symptoms; emotional abuse; emotional experience; essays; experience; expressive writing; follow up assessment; follow-up; interest; killings; pediatric trauma; primary outcome; psychologic; public health relevance; revictimization

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The specific aim of the proposed set of studies is to prospectively examine immediate and long-term (up to 2 years) adjustment outcomes (i.e., posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, depression symptoms, and anxiety symptoms) following the mass shooting that occurred on the Northern Illinois University (NIU) campus in DeKalb, Illinois, on February 14, 2008. At the time of the shooting, a large sample (N = 816) of female undergraduates at NIU were participating in a longitudinal study of sexual revictimization. Given the trauma- focused nature of the revictimization study, it provided a unique opportunity to examine post-shooting adjustment outcomes while controlling for pre-shooting adjustment levels. To date, 653 women (80% of eligibles) have completed an online survey, NIU Trauma Study (NTS): Time 1, an average of 27 days after the mass shooting. The survey contained assessments of post-shooting adjustment, degree of exposure to the shooting, and additional risk and protective factors (e.g., social support, posttraumatic growth). Additional assessments are proposed for 3.5 months, 7.5 months, 1 year, and 2 years post-shooting. Several factors are hypothesized to influence changes in adjustment in the aftermath of the trauma. These include pre-shooting risk factors [e.g., childhood or other trauma exposure, dysregulation of stress hormones (i.e., pre-shooting salivary cortisol levels), and dysfunctional affect regulation strategies], factors associated with the shooting (e.g., severity of exposure), and immediate reactions to the mass shooting (e.g., peritraumatic dissociation and affect regulation strategies for coping with shooting-related distress). In addition to direct effects of proposed risk and protective factors on changes in adjustment level across the six time points, a number of interactive effects will also be tested. Following the 1-year post-shooting assessment, a subset of participants (N = 160) will be recruited to participate in a clinical reappraisal study in order to calibrate the self-report screening measures to gold-standard face-to-face structured diagnostic interviews. In addition, a unique laboratory-based study [Expressive Writing Study (EWS)] is also proposed for a subset of participants (N = 100) who at NTS: Time 1 report high and low exposure to the shooting. In the EWS, participants will write about the mass shooting and then read their essay aloud to themselves while their physiological data are collected. One aim of the EWS is to examine whether physiological reactivity, salivary cortisol changes, and self-reports of emotional avoidance during the EWS are predictive of longer-term outcomes in adjustment as a function of severity of exposure to the shooting. The specific content of the expressive writing will also be examined. Longitudinal follow-up data on adjustment from the NTS survey will also serve as follow-up data for the EWS. In combination, data from these proposed projects will provide crucial and unique information about the role of risk factors and protective factors in predicting adjustment following a mass shooting. If successful, the proposed research will (i) provide information regarding the psychological consequences of experiencing or witnessing a mass shooting while controlling for pre-shooting levels of symptoms and adjustment; (ii) identify the direct and moderating effects of pre-shooting adjustment (e.g., trauma history, dysfunctional affect regulation, dysregulation of stress hormones) on post-shooting adjustment outcomes; and (iii) provide information regarding the physiological reactivity (and recovery) of engaging in an expressive writing and reading task as a function of exposure to the mass shooting. The proposed set of studies seeks to promote NIH's interests in understanding, from a longitudinal perspective, the factors (risk and protective) that contribute to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder and other trauma-related mental illnesses.

描述（由申请人提供）：拟议的一系列研究的具体目的是前瞻性检查北伊利诺伊州大学（NIU）在伊利诺伊州北部校园中发生的大规模拍摄之后，伊利诺伊州北部校园的大规模射击发生后，在伊利诺伊州北部校园中进行了大规模拍摄，伊利诺伊州的大规模拍摄，伊利诺伊州的大型拍摄，一定的时间14，在2月14日，2008年; 816）在NIU的女性本科生正在进行一项关于性复兴的纵向研究。鉴于复兴研究的创伤性质，它提供了一个独特的机会，可以在控制射击前调整水平的同时检查射击后调整结果。迄今为止，有653名妇女（占资格的80％）已经完成了在线调查，NIU创伤研究（NTS）：时间1，平均大规模射击后27天。该调查包括对射击后调整，射击程度以及额外风险和保护因素（例如社会支持，创伤后增长）的评估。射击后提出了3.5个月，7.5个月，1年和2年的其他评估。假设有几个因素会影响创伤后的调整变化。 These include pre-shooting risk factors [e.g., childhood or other trauma exposure, dysregulation of stress hormones (i.e., pre-shooting salivary cortisol levels), and dysfunctional affect regulation strategies], factors associated with the shooting (e.g., severity of exposure), and immediate reactions to the mass shooting (e.g., peritraumatic dissociation and affect regulation strategies for coping with shooting-related遇险）。除了提出的风险和保护因素对六个时间点调整水平变化的直接影响外，还将测试许多交互作用。经过一年的射击后评估后，将招募一部分参与者（n = 160）参加临床重新评估研究，以校准自我报告筛查措施，以进行金色标准的面对面结构化诊断面试。此外，还针对NTS的一部分参与者（n = 100）提出了一项独特的基于实验室的研究[表达性写作研究（EWS）]。在EWS中，参与者将在收集生理数据时大声朗读自己的论文，然后大声朗读他们的论文。 EWS的目的之一是检查EWS期间生理反应性，唾液皮质醇的变化和情绪回避的自我报告是否可以预测调整的长期结局，这是对拍摄暴露的严重性的函数。表达写作的具体内容也将进行检查。 NTS调查调整的纵向随访数据还将作为EWS的后续数据。结合起来，这些提议的项目的数据将提供有关风险因素和保护因素在预测大规模射击后调整中的作用和保护因素的作用的关键和独特信息。如果成功的话，拟议的研究将（i）提供有关在控制症状和调整的预次射击水平时经历或见证大规模射击的心理后果的信息； （ii）确定射击前调整（例如创伤病史，功能失调的调节，压力激素失调）对射击后调整结果的直接和调节作用； （iii）提供有关从事表达性写作和阅读任务的生理反应性（和恢复）的信息，这是暴露于大规模拍摄的函数。拟议的一组研究旨在从纵向角度来促进NIH对理解的利益，即有助于创伤后应激障碍和其他与创伤有关的精神疾病的发展的因素（风险和保护性）。

项目成果

Posttraumatic symptoms following a campus shooting: the role of psychosocial resource loss.

校园枪击事件后的创伤后症状：心理社会资源损失的作用。

• DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.26.4.461
• 发表时间: 2011
• 期刊: Violence and victims
• 影响因子: 1.1
• 作者: Littleton,Heather;Kumpula,Mandy;Orcutt,Holly
• 通讯作者: Orcutt,Holly

Prospective Associations between Emotion Dysregulation and Fear-Potentiated Startle: The Moderating Effect of Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia.

• DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00652
• 发表时间: 2016
• 期刊: Frontiers in psychology
• 影响因子: 3.8
• 作者: Seligowski AV;Lee DJ;Miron LR;Orcutt HK;Jovanovic T;Norrholm SD
• 通讯作者: Norrholm SD

Mental health service utilization following a campus mass shooting: The role of preshooting emotion dysregulation and posttraumatic cognitions.

• DOI: 10.1037/tra0001036
• 发表时间: 2022-01
• 期刊: Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy
• 作者: Reffi AN;Ellis RA;Darnell BC;Orcutt HK
• 通讯作者: Orcutt HK

High dose alcohol consumption predicts less reduction in post-traumatic stress symptoms after a campus mass shooting.

高剂量饮酒预示着校园大规模枪击事件后创伤后应激症状的减少幅度较小。

• DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2017.1348297
• 发表时间: 2017
• 期刊: Anxiety, stress, and coping
• 作者: Holzman,JacobB;Valentiner,DavidP;Hannan,SusanM;Wallace,DouglasG;Orcutt,HollyK
• 通讯作者: Orcutt,HollyK

Anxiety sensitivity and posttrauma stress symptoms in female undergraduates following a campus shooting.

• DOI: 10.1002/jts.20457
• 发表时间: 2009-12
• 期刊: JOURNAL OF TRAUMATIC STRESS
• 影响因子: 3.3
• 作者: Stephenson, Katherine L.;Valentiner, David P.;Kumpula, Mandy J.;Orcutt, Holly K.
• 通讯作者: Orcutt, Holly K.