Flexibility of Learning in Infant Skill Acquisition

婴儿技能习得的学习灵活性

• 批准号: 7624698
• 负责人: Karen E Adolph
• 金额: $ 39.12万
• 依托单位: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2006
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2006-05-01 至 2011-04-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7624698
• 关键词: Accidental Injury; Accounting; Adult; Age; Behavior; Child; Childhood; Cues; Development; Dimensions; Environment; Equilibrium; Funding; Goals; Health; Infant; Injury; Intervention; Knowledge; Learning; Locomotion; Longevity; Maintenance; Methods; Monkeys; Motor; Motor Skills; Movement; Perception; Procedures; Psychological Transfer; Psychophysiology; Research; Research Personnel; Safety; Series; Solutions; Specificity; System; Testing; Time; Treatment Protocols; Walking; Work; age related; base; coping; coping mechanism; design; experience; falls; flexibility; infancy; insight; motor impairment; novel; programs; research study; response; skill acquisition; skills

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The overall goal of this research is to advance the understanding of flexibility in motor skill acquisition - how infants, children, and adults learn to select appropriate movements and modify them as necessary in accordance with the current constraints on action. Flexibility is imperative for adaptive motor decisions because the constraints on action (e.g., environment, bodies/skills, and penalties for error) are continually changing. Empirical work indicates that everyday experience with balance and locomotion provides infants the wherewithal to flexibly adapt motor decisions to novel changes in their bodies, skills, and environment. Learning, however, is specific to each perception-action system in postural development (sitting, crawling, and walking). Specific Aim #1 is to test the flexibility and specificity of infants' motor decisions. The proposed experiments use an age-matched design to test flexibility within experienced perception-action systems under conditions of altered body dimensions/skills and penalties for error and to test specificity between experienced vs. newly acquired perception-action systems. Specific Aim #2 is to describe the time course of flexibility. The proposed studies use a microgenetic design to test experience-related changes in infants' ability to cope with novel constraints on action and a cross-sectional design to test age-related changes in flexibility from infancy to old age. Specific Aim #3 is to assess flexibility in "specialized" perception-action systems - skills acquired after infancy by only a subset of children due to specific opportunities and demands. Proposed studies use a "monkey bar" paradigm to test children's motor decisions under conditions of altered body constraints and penalties for error. Across all experiments, a psychophysical method will be used to quantify the correspondence between motor decisions and actual possibilities for action. As the penalties for errors in the proposed studies are falling or entrapment, findings will provide insight into these two leading causes of accidental injury. Falling from monkey bars is the leading cause of playground injury in middle childhood. In addition, the proposed methods, conceptual framework, and findings can provide the basis for assessing flexibility in children with motor impairments and for tracking improvements in flexibility with therapy.

描述（由申请人提供）：这项研究的总体目标是提高对运动技能获取灵活性的理解 - 婴儿，儿童和成年人如何根据当前的行动限制来选择适当的运动并根据需要根据需要进行修改。灵活性对于自适应运动决策至关重要，因为对动作的限制（例如环境，身体/技能和错误的惩罚）正在不断变化。经验工作表明，每天的平衡和运动经验为婴儿提供了灵活地使运动决策适应身体，技能和环境的新变化。但是，学习是针对姿势发展（坐着，爬行和步行）的每个感知行动系统的特异性。具体目的＃1是测试婴儿运动决策的灵活性和特异性。拟议的实验使用年龄匹配的设计在身体尺寸/技能变化的条件下测试经验丰富的知觉行动系统中的灵活性，并且对误差的惩罚以及在经验丰富的知觉和新获得的感知系统之间测试特异性。特定目标＃2是描述灵活性的时间过程。拟议的研究使用微遗传学设计来测试婴儿应对动作的新约束和横截面设计的能力的经验相关的变化，以测试从婴儿期到老年的柔韧性变化。特定的目标＃3是评估“专业”感知系统的灵活性 - 由于特定的机会和需求，仅在婴儿期就获得的技能仅在婴儿期获得的技能。拟议的研究使用“猴子棒”范式在身体限制改变和错误的惩罚条件下测试儿童运动决策。在所有实验中，将使用一种心理物理方法来量化运动决策与实际作用可能性之间的对应关系。由于拟议的研究中对错误的惩罚正在下降或陷入困境，因此发现将洞悉这两个意外伤害的主要原因。从猴子酒吧掉下来是中年童年游乐场受伤的主要原因。此外，提议的方法，概念框架和发现可以为评估运动障碍儿童的灵活性以及跟踪治疗灵活性的改善提供基础。