The role of attentional bias, counterfactual thinking, and protective behavioral strategies in ENDS users

注意力偏差、反事实思维和保护性行为策略在 ENDS 用户中的作用

• 批准号: 10828482
• 负责人: Brian August Anderson
• 金额: $ 6.16万
• 依托单位: TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2022-06-01 至 2024-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10828482
• 关键词: Accounting; Addictive Behavior; Address; Adverse effects; Attention; Attitude; Behavioral; Clinical; Clinical Assessment Tool; Clinical Psychology; Clinical assessments; Cognitive; Cognitive Science; Cues; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Exposure to; Foundations; Generations; Goals; Habits; Health; Individual; Intervention; Knowledge; Link; Maintenance; Measures; Mediating; Modification; Nature; Nicotine Dependence; Outcome; Participant; Pattern; Play; Process; Public Health; Reaction Time; Research; Rewards; Role; Sampling; Smoking; Social Psychology; Stimulus; Substance Addiction; Techniques; Testing; Thinking; Time; Work; addiction; adverse outcome; attentional bias; attentional control; aversive conditioning; behavior influence; cognitive process; effective intervention; effective therapy; experience; experimental study; falls; improved; information processing; insight; interest; intervention program; novel; novel strategies; parent grant; programs; prolonged abstinence; sensory input

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT The use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) is on the rise and has been linked to nicotine dependence. Abuse of ENDS is associated with a variety of adverse consequences, but as is frequently observed with substance dependence, these adverse consequences are often insufficient to motivate and sustain quitting attempts. Nicotine dependence remains a significant public health burden. New approaches to facilitate quitting and sustain abstinence are needed, which will require novel insights into why a nicotine addiction remains so difficult to overcome. Attention has long been understood to play an important role in the addiction process, including nicotine addiction. Attention selects which aspects of sensory input receive cognitive processing and thereby influence behavior. A substantial body of research has been devoted to investigating the mechanisms by which smoking-related cues draw attention through reward-mediated processes and the degree to which these biases predict quitting, along with developing attentional bias modification techniques intended to facilitate quitting. These efforts have been largely unsuccessful and therefore appear to fall short of accounting for the full range of information processing biases responsible for the maintenance of a nicotine addiction. In the pursuit of a more comprehensive account of these biases, the influence of aversive outcomes on attention offers promise. Interest in how aversive outcomes influence the control of attention has grown in recent years, and robust biases towards aversively conditioned stimuli have been identified in non-clinical samples. The role of aversive conditioning in attention could be especially pertinent to understanding why individuals often maintain an addiction despite repeated exposure to its harmful effects, which could reflect under-prioritization of threat cues that then fail to deter addictive behaviors. Research suggests that cognitive avoidance strategies may improve attentional control when the individual is given ample time to apply the strategy. Cognitive strategies, such as counterfactual thinking paired with clinically backed strategies (i.e., protective behavioral strategies; PBS), may serve as the steppingstone towards more adaptive attentional bias towards threat stimuli. However, how attention is influenced by counterfactuals paired with PBS remains unexplored. To address this gap, the proposed research seeks to identify how ENDS users and non-users differ with respect to attentional bias and CF processes. New Specific Aim 1 focuses on the relationship between attentional bias and CF content, providing an initial glimpse into how individuals with nicotine addiction engage in CF processes. New Specific Aims 2 extends this by focusing on how CFs and attentional bias predict PBS engagement, intentions, and ENDS use measures. The findings will provide necessary insights into the role of cognitive processes, such as CFs and attentional bias, in the realm of nicotine addiction, the implications of which can help inform many of the cognitive-behavioral techniques used in clinical assessments and intervention programs.

项目摘要/摘要 电子尼古丁输送系统（末端）的使用正在上升，并且与尼古丁有关 依赖。滥用目的与各种不利后果有关，但通常 通过物质依赖性观察到，这些不利后果通常不足以激励和 维持戒烟尝试。尼古丁依赖仍然是一个重大的公共卫生负担。新方法 需要促进戒烟和维持戒酒，这将需要新颖的见解，说明为什么尼古丁 成瘾仍然很难克服。长期以来，人们一直认为注意力在 成瘾过程，包括尼古丁成瘾。注意选择感官输入的哪些方面接收 认知处理，从而影响行为。大量研究已致力于 研究与吸烟有关的提示通过奖励介导的引起注意的机制 这些偏见预测退出的程度以及发展注意力偏见 旨在促进退出的修改技术。这些努力在很大程度上没有成功， 因此，似乎还没有考虑到负责的全部信息处理偏见的范围 维持尼古丁成瘾。为了追求对这些偏见的更全面的说明， 厌恶结果对注意力的影响提供了希望。对厌恶结果如何影响 近年来，对注意力的控制已经增长，并且对厌恶调节刺激的强大偏见具有 在非临床样品中鉴定出来。厌恶条件在注意力中的作用尤其是 与了解为什么个人经常暴露于其有害 效果，这可能反映出威胁提示不足的效果，而威胁线索则无法阻止上瘾的行为。 研究表明，当个人是时，认知避免策略可能会改善注意力控制 给出了足够的时间应用策略。认知策略，例如反事实思维与 临床支持的策略（即保护行为策略； PBS）可以用作垫脚石 面向威胁刺激的更适应性的注意力偏见。但是，注意力如何受到 与PBS配对的反事实尚未探索。为了解决这一差距，拟议的研究试图 确定目的用户和非用户在注意力偏差和CF过程方面有所不同。新的特定 AIM 1专注于注意偏见和CF内容之间的关系，从而最初瞥见 尼古丁成瘾的人如何参与CF过程。新的特定目标2通过专注于 关于CFS和注意力偏见如何预测PBS的参与，意图和结束。发现 将为认知过程（例如CFS和注意偏见）提供必要的见解 尼古丁成瘾的领域，其含义可以帮助告知许多认知行为 临床评估和干预计划中使用的技术。