Aversive Information Processing Biases in Nicotine Dependence

尼古丁依赖中的厌恶性信息处理偏差

• 批准号: 10626712
• 负责人: Brian August Anderson
• 金额: $ 18.37万
• 依托单位: TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2022-06-01 至 2025-05-31
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10626712
• 关键词: Accounting; Address; Adverse effects; Affect; Attention; Chemicals; Cigarette; Clinical Assessment Tool; Cognitive; Cues; Data; Dependence; Detection; Drug usage; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Exhibits; Exposure to; Eye Movements; Foundations; Goals; Habits; Health; Image; Individual; Knowledge; Learning; Link; Literature; Maintenance; Measures; Mediating; Modification; Negative Reinforcements; Nicotine; Nicotine Dependence; Outcome; Pattern; Persons; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Play; Population; Predisposition; Process; Public Health; Punishment; Relapse; Research; Resistance; Rewards; Role; Sampling; Shapes; Shock; Signal Transduction; Smoking; Stimulus; Substance Addiction; System; Techniques; Testing; Time; Tobacco; Toxin; United States; addiction; adverse outcome; attentional bias; attentional control; aversive conditioning; behavior influence; cigarette smoking; craving; effective therapy; electronic cigarette use; electronic cigarette user; experience; falls; improved; information processing; insight; interest; novel; novel strategies; programs; prolonged abstinence; relapse prevention; sensory input; young adult

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT The use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) is on the rise, particularly among young people, and has been linked to nicotine dependence. Abuse of ENDS is associated with a variety of adverse consequences, but as is frequently observed with substance dependence, these adverse consequences are often insufficient to motivate and sustain quitting attempts. Nicotine dependence remains a significant public health burden. New approaches to facilitate quitting and sustain abstinence are needed, which will require novel insights into why a nicotine addiction remains so difficult to overcome. Attention has long been understood to play an important role in the addiction process, including nicotine addiction. Attention selects which aspects of sensory input receive cognitive processing and thereby influence behavior. A substantial body of research has been devoted to investigating the mechanisms by which smoking-related cues draw attention through reward-mediated processes and the degree to which these biases predict quitting, along with developing attentional bias modification techniques intended to facilitate quitting. These efforts have been largely unsuccessful and therefore appear to fall short of accounting for the full range of information processing biases responsible for the maintenance of a nicotine addiction. In the pursuit of a more comprehensive account of these biases, the influence of aversive outcomes on attention offers promise. Interest in how aversive outcomes influence the control of attention has grown in recent years, and robust biases towards aversively- conditioned stimuli have been identified in non-clinical samples. However, how aversive conditioning influences attention in the context of addiction remains unexplored. This is especially pertinent to the issue of why individuals often maintain an addiction in spite of repeated exposure to its harmful effects. To address this gap in understanding, the proposed research seeks to identify how nicotine-dependent ENDS users and non-users differ with respect to the manner in which their attention systems are influenced by aversive outcomes. In Specific Aim 1, attentional biases towards aversively conditioned stimuli in ENDS users and matched non- users will be measured, probing the strength of threat-related attentional biases. In Specific Aim 2, differences between users and non-users with respect to the relative influences of threat detection and negative reinforcement on the control of attention will be examined, which together with Specific Aim 1 will provide a comprehensive picture of whether and how aversive information processing differs between ENDS users and non-users. The overarching goal of the proposed research is to more fully characterize how biases in the orienting of attention are related to nicotine addiction, offering unique insights into why users are often undeterred by the adverse effects of their habit. Knowledge gained from the proposed research could provide a foundation for more effective treatments, quitting programs, and clinical assessment tools.

项目摘要/摘要 电子尼古丁传递系统（末端）的使用正在上升，尤其是在年轻人中， 并与尼古丁依赖性有关。滥用目的与各种不利有关 后果，但是正如物质依赖性经常观察到的那样，这些不利后果是 通常不足以激励和维持退出尝试。尼古丁依赖仍然是重要的公众 健康负担。需要新的方法来促进戒烟和维持戒酒，这将需要 关于为什么尼古丁成瘾仍然很难克服的新颖见解。长期以来一直关注 理解在成瘾过程中起着重要作用，包括尼古丁成瘾。注意选择 感觉输入的哪些方面接受认知处理，从而影响行为。实质性 研究主体致力于研究与吸烟相关的提示的机制 通过奖励介导的过程以及这些偏见预测退出的程度以及 开发旨在促进戒烟的注意力偏差修饰技术。这些努力是 在很大程度上没有成功，因此似乎还没有考虑到全部信息处理 负责维持尼古丁成瘾的偏见。追求更全面的帐户 在这些偏见中，厌恶结果对注意力的影响提供了希望。对厌恶的兴趣 近年来，结果影响了关注的控制，并且对厌恶的偏见 - 在非临床样品中已经鉴定出条件刺激。但是，厌恶条件如何影响 在成瘾的背景下，注意仍然没有探索。这与为什么 尽管反复接触其有害影响，但个人通常会坚持成瘾。解决这个差距 在理解中，拟议的研究旨在确定尼古丁依赖性用户和非用户如何结束 在注意力系统受厌恶结果影响的方式方面有所不同。在 特定的目标1，注意用户对厌恶条件的刺激的注意力偏见，并匹配非 - 将测量用户，以探测与威胁相关的注意偏见的强度。在特定的目标2中，差异 用户与非用户在威胁检测和负面的相对影响方面 将检查有关控制注意力的强化，并将与特定目标1一起提供一个 全面的图并厌恶信息处理在用户和用户之间的不同之处以及如何差异 非用户。拟议研究的总体目标是更充分地表征 注意力的指导与尼古丁成瘾有关，提供了独特的见解，说明用户通常是 他们习惯的不利影响并没有避免。从拟议的研究中获得的知识可以提供 基础更有效的治疗，退出计划和临床评估工具。