Air Pollution, Heat, Cold, and Health: Disparities in the Rural South

空气污染、炎热、寒冷和健康：南方农村地区的差异

基本信息

批准号：
10670746
负责人：
Michelle L Bell
金额：
$ 67.45万
依托单位：
YALE UNIVERSITY
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
2022
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2022-07-24 至 2027-03-31
项目状态：
未结题

来源：
https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10670746
关键词：
Accounting Address Affect Air Pollutants Air Pollution Appalachian Region Architecture Area Behavior Birth Black, Indigenous, People of Color Cities Communities Congenital Abnormality Data Databases Development Disparity Education Environmental Exposure Environmental Hazards Environmental Health Ethnic Origin Exposure to Goals Health Health Policy Health protection Heat Waves Heterogeneity High temperature of physical object Hospitalization Income Individual Infant Intervention Knowledge Life Expectancy Link Low Birth Weight Infant Medicare Methods Morbidity - disease rate Municipalities National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities Nitrogen Dioxide Older Population Outcome Ozone Persons Pollution Population Population Density Population Sizes Predisposition Premature Birth Public Health Race Regulation Research Resources Role Rural Rural Community Rural Health Rural Minority Rural Population Science Socioeconomic Status Source United States Environmental Protection Agency United States National Institutes of Health Urban Population Urbanicity Variant Virginia Weather West Virginia adverse birth outcomes air quality regulation ambient air pollution cold temperature community-level factor environmental health disparity environmental justice ethnic minority population experience extreme heat extreme temperature fine particles health care availability health disparity populations health economics heat island intersectionality low socioeconomic status mortality pollutant poor health outcome racial health disparity racial minority racial minority population response rural area rural dwellers rural environment rural setting rurality socioeconomics stressor urban area urban setting

Accounting Address Affect Air Pollutants Air Pollution Appalachian Region Architecture Area Behavior Birth Black, Indigenous, People of Color Cities Communities Congenital Abnormality Data Databases Development Disparity Education Environmental Exposure Environmental Hazards Environmental Health Ethnic Origin Exposure to Goals Health Health Policy Health protection Heat Waves Heterogeneity High temperature of physical object Hospitalization Income Individual Infant Intervention Knowledge Life Expectancy Link Low Birth Weight Infant Medicare Methods Morbidity - disease rate Municipalities National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities Nitrogen Dioxide Older Population Outcome Ozone Persons Pollution Population Population Density Population Sizes Predisposition Premature Birth Public Health Race Regulation Research Resources Role Rural Rural Community Rural Health Rural Minority Rural Population Science Socioeconomic Status Source United States Environmental Protection Agency United States National Institutes of Health Urban Population Urbanicity Variant Virginia Weather West Virginia adverse birth outcomes air quality regulation ambient air pollution cold temperature community-level factor environmental health disparity environmental justice ethnic minority population experience extreme heat extreme temperature fine particles health care availability health disparity populations health economics heat island intersectionality low socioeconomic status mortality pollutant poor health outcome racial health disparity racial minority racial minority population response rural area rural dwellers rural environment rural setting rurality socioeconomics stressor urban area urban setting

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项目摘要

Many populations in rural settings, especially racial and ethnic minority groups, may suffer disproportionate environmental health burdens, such as from air pollution or extreme temperatures. Yet the vast majority of research on environmental health disparities (i.e., “environmental justice”) for air pollution, as well as research on air pollution and health more generally, is conducted for cities. The people, communities, and air pollution sources and mixtures are quite distinct in rural versus urban settings, such that national strategies (i.e., federal regulations) may not be sufficiently protective of health for rural populations. Similarly, research on the health consequences of high and low temperatures, especially for prolonged periods of heat (i.e., “heat waves”), has almost exclusively focused on urban areas. Therefore, current research has major scientific gaps on how the health of rural populations, including rural racial and ethnic minority groups, is impacted by air pollution and extreme temperature. The rural south, particularly the Appalachian region, has higher rates of adverse health outcomes in both older populations (>65y) and infants, compared to national averages. Within the south, rural populations suffer higher rates of multiple morbidities than urban populations, including health outcomes that are linked to air pollution and extreme heat and cold in urban environments. Rural residents also have lower overall income, lower educational attainment, less access to health care, and three years lower life expectancy than their urban counterparts. Evidence suggest that health disparities by race are larger for rural minorities than their urban counterparts. Given the differences in populations, behaviors, environmental hazards, and socioeconomic status (SES), the associations between air pollution, extreme temperature, and health could differ substantially for rural and urban settings. These relationships may also differ across types of rural areas, given the heterogeneity of rural environments. Scientific evidence is urgently needed on the disproportionate impacts of air pollution and extreme temperature in rural environments, with an understanding of the range of rural settings. Our long-term goal is to generate the methods, databases, and scientific estimates that enable knowledge to protect health in rural populations. We propose to: 1) generate a data architecture for air pollution, heat, cold, health, SES, rural form, and other factors in Virginia and West Virginia; 2) estimate disparities in exposure to air pollution and weather (cold, heat, and heat waves) by race/ethnicity, SES, and rurality, accounting for variations in rural form; and 3) estimate disparities in the associations between exposure to air pollution or weather and health for the very young (adverse birth outcomes) and older populations (hospital admissions for those <65 years) for rural populations, considering differences by various vulnerability factors (low SES, race/ethnicity) and rural form. These aims will provide some of the first comprehensive evidence of how air pollution, heat, and cold impact health in rural communities, including differences by rural form and intersectionality of vulnerability factors, such as race, ethnicity, and SES.

在粗糙的环境中，尤其是种族和少数民族群体中的许多人口可能遭受不成比例的环境卫生伯恩斯，例如来自空气污染或极端温度。但是绝大多数关于空气污染的环境健康差异研究（即“环境正义”）以及研究关于空气污染和健康，是针对城市进行的。人民，社区和空气污染农村与城市环境中的资源和混合物截然不同，以使国家战略（即联邦法规）对于农村人口的健康可能不足以保护健康。同样，对健康的研究高温和低温的后果，尤其是在延长的热量时期（即“热浪”）几乎完全专注于城市地区。因此，当前的研究在科学方面有很大的科学差距包括农村种族和少数民族在内的农村人口的健康受到空气污染和极端温度。南方农村，特别是阿巴拉契亚地区，不利健康率更高与国家平均值相比，老年人群（> 65岁）和婴儿的结果。在南部，粗糙与城市人口相比，人口的多种病毒率更高，包括健康成果与城市环境中的空气污染和极端污染和寒冷有关。农村居民也有较低总体收入，较低的教育程度，较少获得医疗保健以及预期寿命降低三年比他们的城市同行。有证据表明，种族的健康差异对于少数族裔较大比他们的城市同行。鉴于人口，行为，环境危害和社会经济地位（SES），空气污染，极端温度和健康之间的关联可能对于粗糙和城市环境而言，基本不同。这些关系在粗糙区域的类型中也可能有所不同，考虑到粗糙环境的异质性。迫切需要对不成比例的科学证据空气污染和极端温度在粗糙环境中的影响，并了解农村环境。我们的长期目标是生成能够实现的方法，数据库和科学估计了解农村人口健康的知识。我们建议：1）生成空气数据架构在弗吉尼亚州和西弗吉尼亚州的污染，热，寒冷，健康，SES，粗糙形式和其他因素； 2）估计种族/种族，SES和SES和种族污染和天气污染和天气的差异（寒冷，热和热浪）粗糙度，考虑农村形式的变化； 3）估计在关联之间的分布暴露于非常年轻的（不良出生结果）和年龄较大的空气污染或天气和健康人口少于人口的人口（住院）人口少于人口脆弱因素（低SE，种族/种族）和粗糙形式。这些目标将提供一些第一个关于农村社区的空气污染，热量和寒冷影响的全面证据，包括脆弱性因素（例如种族，种族和SES）的粗糙形式和交叉性的差异。