Child and Family Development across the First Two+ Decades of Life

生命前两个十年的儿童和家庭发展

• 批准号: 8736839
• 负责人: MARC H BORNSTEIN
• 金额: $ 170.73万
• 依托单位: EUNICE KENNEDY SHRIVER NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH & HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 至
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8736839
• 关键词: 14 year old; 9 year old; Academic achievement; Accounting; Acculturation; Address; Adolescence; Adolescent; Adoption; Adult; Affective; African American; Age-Months; American; Anxiety; Appearance; Area; Argentina; Autistic Disorder; Beck depression inventory; Behavioral; Belgium; Bilateral; Biology; Birth; Brain; Brazil; Cameroon; Cardiac; Caregivers; Censuses; Characteristics; Child; Child Development; Chile; Clinical; Cognition; Cognitive; Communities; Competence; Controlled Study; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Crying; DSM-IV; Depressed mood; Developing Countries; Development; Diagnosis; Dimensions; Disabled Children; Discipline; Disease; Distress; Electroencephalography; Emotional; Employment Status; England; Ensure; Environment Design; Environmental Risk Factor; European; Event; Exposure to; Eye; Face; Factor Analysis; Family; Family Research; Female; France; Frequencies; Generations; Goals; Growth; Health; Hearing; Hearing Impaired Persons; Home environment; Household; Human; Image; Immigrant; Infant; Infant Behavior; Intelligence; Intervention; Interview; Investigation; Israel; Italy; Japan; Japanese Population; Judgment; Kenya; Knowledge; Laboratories; Language; Left; Life; Logistic Regressions; Longitudinal Studies; Major Depressive Disorder; Malignant Neoplasms; Maternal Age; Maternal Behavior; Measurement; Medical; Mental Depression; Modeling; Mothers; Motor; Nature; Neurosciences; Parenthood Status; Parenting Education; Parenting behavior; Parents; Parietal; Pattern; Pediatrics; Perception; Peru; Physical aggression; Physiological; Policies; Postpartum Period; Postpartum Women; Premature Birth; Problem behavior; Process; Psyche structure; Psychophysiology; Publishing; Punishment; Reaction; Records; Regression Analysis; Relative (related person); Reporting; Research; Research Design; Sampling; Science; Sensory; Severities; Signal Transduction; Site; Social Development; Societies; South Korea; Stimulus; Structure; Techniques; Testing; Time; United Nations; United States; Variant; Video Recording; Violence; Visual; Woman; Work; Youth; base; behavior observation; boys; caregiving; clinical Diagnosis; coping; depressive symptoms; design; disability; emotional distress; experience; girls; infancy; informant; maternal depression; motherhood; novel; offspring; parity; peer; primipara; programs; prospective; psychologic; research study; response; social; social skills; teenage mother

The following summary presents examples of recently published reports from both areas of the laboratorys work. Program I: The Child, the Parent, and the Family Across the First 2+ Decades The brain electrical responses of 3-month-old infants were compared between images of familiar and unfamiliar faces. Infants were shown images of their mothers and of appearance-matched female strangers for 500 ms per trial while their EEG was recorded. EEG signals were segmented from stimulus onset through 1200 ms, and segments were analyzed in the time-frequency domain with a continuous wavelet transform. Differentiated responses were apparent in three time windows: 370-480 ms, 610-690 ms, and 830-960 ms. Across response windows, event related synchronization (ERS) or desynchronization (ERD) was observed in beta or gamma frequency bands at left frontal, midline central, bilateral temporal, and right parietal sites. These findings provide the first evidence of organized brain activity underlying face recognition in very young infants and are discussed in relation to the comparable patterns that have been observed in adults. To explore the effects of motherhood on brain activity patterns, EEG was recorded while primipara mothers of 3- and 6-month-olds viewed images of faces of their own child and an unfamiliar but appearance-matched child. Mothers of 3- and 6-month-olds showed equivalent early-wave (N/P1 visual and N170 face-sensitive) responses to own and unfamiliar baby faces but differentiating late-wave (N/P600 familiar/ novel) activity to own versus unfamiliar infant faces. Based on 3 months experience with their own infants face, mothers brain patterns give evidence of distinctive late-wave (recognition) sensitivity. We conducted a large-scale (N = 374), normative, prospective, 14-year longitudinal, multivariate, multisource, controlled study of a developmental cascade from infant motor-exploratory competence at 5 months to adolescent academic achievement at 14 years. This developmental cascade applied equally to girls and boys and was independent of childrens behavioral adjustment and social competence; mothers supportive caregiving, verbal intelligence, education, and parenting knowledge; and the material home environment. Infants who were more motorically mature and who explored more actively at 5 months of age achieved higher academic levels as 14-year-olds. In a study of maternal depression, we examined the factorial dimensions underlying Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) in a large ethnically and economically diverse sample of postpartum women and to assess their relative contribution in differentiating clinical diagnoses in a subsample of depressed women. We administered the BDI-II to 953 women between 4 and 20 weeks postpartum. Women who had low (1-7) and high (> 12) BDI-II total scores were administered the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I). Exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) revealed three factors, Cognitive, Somatic, and Affective, that accounted for 49.09% of the overall variance of items. Logistic regression analyses showed that somatic and affective factors contributed to diagnosis of major depression, while the somatic factor alone contributed to the diagnosis of depression with comorbid anxiety. The cognitive factor differentiated women with major depression from women who were never depressed. Conceptualizing the structure of the BDI-II using these three factors could contribute to refining the measurement and scoring of depressive symptomatology and severity in postpartum women. Although somatic symptoms of depression may be difficult to differentiate from the physiological changes of normative postpartum adjustment, our results support the inclusion of somatic symptoms of depression in the calculation of a BDI-II total score. We studied mothers microcoded contingent responsiveness to their infants (M = 5.4 months, SD = 0.2) in relation to independent global judgments of the same mothers parenting sensitivity. In a community sample of 335 European American dyads, videorecorded infant and maternal behaviors were timed microanalytically throughout an extended home observation; separately and independently, global maternal sensitivity was rated macroanalytically. Sequential analysis and spline regression showed that, as maternal contingent responsiveness increased, judged maternal sensitivity increased to significance on the contingency continuum, after which mothers who were even more contingent were judged less sensitive. Just significant levels of maternal responsiveness are deemed optimally sensitive. Implications of these findings for typical and atypical parenting, child development, and intervention science are discussed. Program II: Child Development and Parenting in Multicultural Perspective Using nationally representative samples of 45,964 2- to 9-year-old children and their primary caregivers in 17 developing countries, we sought to understand relations between childrens cognitive, language, sensory, and motor disabilities and caregivers use of discipline and violence. Primary caregivers reported on their childs disabilities and whether they or anyone in their household had used nonviolent discipline, psychological aggression, and physical violence toward the target child and whether they believed that using corporal punishment is necessary. Logistic regression analyses supported the hypothesis that children with disabilities are treated more harshly than children without disabilities. The findings suggest that policies and interventions are needed to work toward the United Nations goals of ensuring that children with disabilities are protected from abuse and violence. Another study investigated how adults in two contrasting cultures (Italian and Japanese) perceive episodes of crying of typically developing (TD) children and children with Autism Disorder (AD). Although cries of children with AD have been reported to elicit more distress in Western cultures, it is not known whether similar findings hold in Eastern cultures. In Experiment 1, we artificially modified structural parameters (fundamental frequency, duration of pauses, waveform modulation) of cries and asked Italian and Japanese adults to judge levels of expressed and felt distress in the cries. In Experiment 2, we asked Italian and Japanese adults to report these levels of distress on hearing cries of AD and TD children. In both cultures, cries with higher fundamental frequency and shorter pause durations were judged more distressing and distressed and observers perceived cries of children with AD as more distressing and distressed than cries of TD children. The similar responses in adults from two contrasting societies constitute evidence that reactions to cries of children with AD might be universal. A tridimensional model is proposed and tested among Jamaican adolescent-mother dyads in the United States compared with Jamaican Islander, European American, African American, and other Black and non-Black U.S. immigrant dyads (473 dyads, M adolescent age = 14 years). Jamaican immigrants evidence tridimensional acculturation, orienting toward Jamaican, African American, and European American cultures. Integration is favored (70%), particularly tricultural integration; moreover, Jamaican and other Black U.S. immigrants are more oriented toward African American than European American culture. Jamaican immigrant youth adapt at least as well as non-immigrant Jamaican and U.S. peers, although assimilated adolescents, particularly first generation, have worse sociocultural adaptation than integrated and separated adolescents.

以下摘要介绍了实验室工作这两个领域最近发布的报告的示例。 项目一：前 2 个多世纪的儿童、父母和家庭 研究人员比较了 3 个月大婴儿在熟悉和不熟悉的面孔图像中的脑电反应。 每次试验中，婴儿会看到母亲和外貌匹配的女性陌生人的图像，持续 500 毫秒，同时记录他们的脑电图。 EEG 信号从刺激开始到 1200 毫秒进行分段，并使用连续小波变换在时频域中分析分段。 差异化反应在三个时间窗口中很明显：370-480 ms、610-690 ms 和 830-960 ms。 在整个响应窗口中，在左额叶、中线中央、双侧颞叶和右顶叶部位的 β 或 γ 频带中观察到事件相关同步 (ERS) 或去同步 (ERD)。 这些发现提供了幼儿面部识别背后有组织的大脑活动的第一个证据，并与在成人中观察到的可比较模式进行了讨论。 为了探索母性对大脑活动模式的影响，在 3 个月和 6 个月大的初产妇母亲观看自己孩子和一个不熟悉但外表匹配的孩子的面部图像时，记录了脑电图。 3 个月和 6 个月大的母亲对自己和不熟悉的婴儿面孔表现出相同的早期波（N/P1 视觉和 N170 面部敏感）反应，但区分自己和不熟悉的婴儿面孔的晚期（N/P600 熟悉/新颖）活动陌生的婴儿面孔。根据三个月来观察自己婴儿脸部的经验，母亲的大脑模式提供了独特的后波（识别）敏感性的证据。 我们进行了一项大规模（N = 374）、规范性、前瞻性、14 年纵向、多变量、多来源、对照研究，研究从婴儿 5 个月时的运动探索能力到 14 岁时青少年学业成绩的发展级联。 这种发展级联同样适用于女孩和男孩，并且独立于儿童的行为调整和社交能力；母亲的支持性照顾、语言智力、教育和育儿知识；以及物质的家居环境。 5 个月大时运动能力更加成熟、探索更加积极的婴儿在 14 岁时取得了更高的学业水平。 在一项关于产妇抑郁症的研究中，我们在大量种族和经济多样化的产后女性样本中检查了贝克抑郁量表 II (BDI-II) 的因子维度，并评估了它们在区分抑郁女性子样本的临床诊断方面的相对贡献。 我们在产后 4 至 20 周内对 953 名女性进行了 BDI-II。 BDI-II 总分低 (1-7) 和高 (> 12) 的女性接受 DSM-IV 轴 I 障碍 (SCID-I) 结构化临床访谈。 探索性因素分析 (EFA) 和验证性因素分析 (CFA) 揭示了三个因素：认知因素、躯体因素和情感因素，占项目总体方差的 49.09%。 Logistic回归分析显示，躯体和情感因素有助于诊断重度抑郁症，而仅躯体因素有助于诊断伴有焦虑症的抑郁症。认知因素将患有重度抑郁症的女性与从未抑郁过的女性区分开来。 使用这三个因素来概念化 BDI-II 的结构可能有助于完善产后女性抑郁症状和严重程度的测量和评分。尽管抑郁症的躯体症状可能很难与规范产后调整的生理变化区分开来，但我们的结果支持将抑郁症的躯体症状纳入 BDI-II 总分的计算中。 我们研究了母亲对婴儿的微编码偶然反应（M = 5.4 个月，SD = 0.2）与同一母亲养育敏感性的独立全局判断的关系。 在 335 名欧裔美国人二人组的社区样本中，在长期的家庭观察过程中，对婴儿和母亲的行为进行了微分析计时。单独且独立地对全球孕产妇敏感性进行了宏观分析评级。 序贯分析和样条回归表明，随着母亲偶然反应性的增加，判断母亲的敏感性在偶然性连续体上显着增加，之后，更加偶然的母亲被判断为不太敏感。 只有显着水平的母亲反应才被认为是最佳敏感度。讨论了这些发现对典型和非典型育儿、儿童发展和干预科学的影响。 项目二：多元文化视角下的儿童发展与育儿 我们使用45,964名2至9岁儿童的全国代表性样本及其在17个发展中国家的初级护理人员，我们试图了解儿童认知，语言，感觉和运动障碍以及护理人员对纪律和暴力的使用之间的关系。初级护理人员报告了他们的儿童残疾人，以及他们或家庭中的任何人都对目标儿童使用了非暴力纪律，心理侵略和身体暴力，以及他们是否相信必须使用体罚。逻辑回归分析支持以下假设：残疾儿童比没有残疾儿童更严厉。调查结果表明，需要采取政策和干预措施，以实现联合国的目标，以确保保护残疾儿童免受虐待和暴力。 另一项研究调查了两种对比培养物（意大利语和日本）中的成年人如何感知典型发育症（TD）儿童和儿童自闭症障碍（AD）的哭泣发作。 尽管据报道，据报道，AD儿童的哭声在西方文化中引起更多的困扰，但尚不知道在东方文化中是否存在类似的发现。在实验1中，我们对哭泣的结构参数进行了修改（基本频率，暂停持续时间，波形调制），并要求意大利和日本成年人判断哭泣中表达和感到困扰的水平。在实验 2 中，我们要求意大利和日本成年人报告 AD 和 TD 儿童在听到哭声时的痛苦程度。在这两种文化中，都有较高基本频率和较短的停顿持续时间的哭声被认为比TD儿童的哭泣更令人痛苦和痛苦，观察者认为，有广告的儿童的哭声更加痛苦和痛苦。来自两个对比社会的成年人的类似反应构成了证据，表明对AD儿童哭泣的反应可能是普遍的。 与牙买加岛民，欧洲裔美国人，非裔美国人以及其他黑人和非黑色的美国移民二元组（473个二元组，M少年= 14岁）相比，在美国的牙买加青少年二元组中提出了三维模型。牙买加移民体现了立体文化适应，面向牙买加、非裔美国人和欧裔美国人文化。融合受到青睐（70％），尤其是三文化整合；此外，牙买加和其他美国黑人移民更倾向于非裔美国人而不是欧洲裔美国人文化。牙买加移民青年至少适应牙买加和美国同龄人，尽管被同化的青少年，尤其是第一代的青少年，社会文化适应性比一体化和分离的青少年更差。