Norms and Built Environment: Use of Shade in U.S. and Australian City Parks

规范和建筑环境：美国和澳大利亚城市公园的遮阳利用

• 批准号: 8687611
• 负责人: DAVID B BULLER
• 金额: $ 52.96万
• 依托单位: KLEIN BUENDEL, INC.
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2010-07-15 至 2017-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8687611
• 关键词: Academy; Adult; Age; American; American Cancer Society; Area; Attitude; Australia; Behavior; Cities; Climate; Colorado; Communities; Controlled Study; Country; Cross-Sectional Studies; Data; Data Collection; Dermatologist; Dermatology; Development; Dose; Eating; Education; Effectiveness; Environment; Evolution; Gender; Government; Habits; Health; Health Campaign; Health behavior; Health education; Image; Individual; Intercept; Investments; Jogging; Location; Malignant Neoplasms; Measures; Mediating; Modeling; National Cancer Institute; Neighborhoods; Organizational Policy; Outcome Measure; Perception; Physical environment; Pilot Projects; Plants; Policies; Population; Preparation; Prevention Research; Process; Randomized; Recording of previous events; Recreation; Research; Research Project Grants; Resistance; Risk; Safety; Sampling; Schools; Scientist; Social Environment; Sports; Structure; Sunburn; Sunlight; Surveys; System; Testing; The Sun; Time; Trees; UV Radiation Exposure; Ultraviolet Rays; United States; Visit; Weight; Work; Workplace; World Health Organization; authority; base; behavior influence; college; design; disorder risk; expectation; falls; family structure; meter; primary outcome; programs; skin cancer prevention; social; social group; sun protection

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This study is designed to understand the value of shade development in skin cancer prevention and test predictions from social ecologic models that health behavior results from the interplay among the built environment, social environment, individual factors, setting features, and perceived environment. Use of shade is recommended by health authorities worldwide; however, shade provision requires expensive physical environment changes and may be effective only when health education has created a social environment (e.g., norms) and individual factors (e.g., habits) that motivates its use. A multi-national research team will explore the use of built shade in passive recreation areas (PRAs; areas for sitting/ standing while socializing, preparing/eating a meal, watching or coaching sports, watching a concert, taking a class, or waiting, or areas where people stroll for sightseeing, while observing outdoor displays, or shopping) within public parks and compare use between the United States and Australia to prospectively test the moderating influence of social environment on the built environment. Pilot studies confirmed that adults in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia had stronger sun protection habits and norms than adults in Denver, Colorado, USA. The specific aims of the project are to: a) introduce built shade structures (i.e., shade sails) in public parks in Denver and Melbourne; b) compare the use of PRAs with and without built shade; c) compare the change in use of the PRAs in Denver and Melbourne after introduction of built shade, and d) examine the relationship among social environment, individual factors, other physical features of the environment micro-climate (i.e., setting), and perceived environment and built shade in posttest with PRA users. In this 60-month project, the research team will build shade sails at PRAs in public parks and compare use of PRAs to unshaded PRAs in a randomized pretest- posttest controlled design. PRAs will be stratified by location (80 in Denver and 80 in Melbourne) and randomized to one of 3 sample waves over 3 years. In each wave, areas will be pretested in a first summer, further stratified based on baseline use, and randomized to construction of a shade sail during the fall, winter, and spring. A park audit will describe the park, PRA and neighborhood setting. Post testing will occur the following summer. In total, 40 PRAs will be randomized to shade sail construction (20 per city) and 120 PRAs to control with no shade sails (60 per city). The primary outcome measures will be observation of the number of individuals using the PRAs and their average UV exposure (in minimal erythemal doses [MEDs]). Observers will record use of other PRAs, number of park users, social group, sun protection, gender, and age. Intercept surveys with PRA users will collect data on social environment, individual factors, and perceived environment. UV meters will measure UV levels. Data collection will occur on 4 weekdays and 4 weekend days over 16-weeks in the summer. Primary analyses will be performed on the weighted average use of PRAs and MEDs per day; analyses will be conducted on moderating and mediating factors to test theoretically-derived hypotheses.

描述（由申请人提供）：本研究旨在了解皮肤癌预防的阴影发展的价值，并从社会生态模型中测试预测，这些模型是由建筑环境，社会环境，个人因素，设定特征和感知环境之间相互作用产生的，这些模型来自社会生态行为。全球卫生当局建议使用阴影；但是，遮荫需要需要昂贵的物理环境变化，并且只有在健康教育创造了社会环境（例如规范）和激发其使用的个人因素（例如习惯）时，才可能有效。一个跨国研究团队将探索在被动娱乐区（PRAS；坐着/站立的区域；在社交，准备/吃饭，观看或教练运动，观看或进行教练体育，观看音乐会，上课或等待的地区，或者人们在室内公园内进行探视，或者在澳大利亚进行社交活动，以探望户外环境和澳大利亚的环境，并在澳大利亚进行探索时，请访问户外活动，并在澳大利亚进行社交活动，并在澳大利亚进行探索。试点研究证实，与美国科罗拉多州丹佛市的成人相比，澳大利亚维多利亚州墨尔本的成年人具有更强的防晒习惯和规范。该项目的具体目的是：a）在丹佛和墨尔本的公园中引入建筑阴影结构（即阴影帆）； b）比较使用有或没有建造阴影的PRA的使用； c）比较引入建筑阴影后丹佛和墨尔本的PRA的使用变化，d）检查社会环境，个体因素，环境环境的其他物理特征之间的关系微气候（即设置）和感知的环境以及与PRA用户进行后测试中的阴影。在这个60个月的项目中，研究团队将在公园的PRAS建造阴影帆，并在随机测试后的后测受控设计中比较PRA在未阴影的PRA中进行比较。 PRA将按位置进行分层（丹佛80个，在墨尔本80），并在3年​​内随机分为3个样品波之一。在每个浪潮中，将在第一个夏天对区域进行测试，并根据基线的使用进行进一步分层，并随机地在秋季，冬季和春季进行阴影帆。公园审核将描述公园，PRA和社区环境。测试后将在第二个夏天进行。总共有40个PRA将被随机用于阴影帆的建设（每个城市20个）和120个PRA，以控制没有阴影帆（每个城市60）。主要结果指标将是观察使用PRA的个体数量及其平均紫外线暴露（以最小的红斑剂量[MEDS]）。观察者将记录其他PRA，公园用户数量，社会群体，防晒，性别和年龄的使用。与PRA用户的拦截调查将收集有关社交环境，个人因素和感知环境的数据。紫外线将测量紫外线水平。夏季，将在16周内的4个工作日和4个周末进行数据收集。每天将对PRA和MED的加权平均使用进行主要分析；将对调节和中介因子进行分析以检验理论上衍生的假设。