Family Size and Children's Education in Brazil

巴西的家庭规模和儿童教育

• 批准号: 8386161
• 负责人: Leticia J Marteleto
• 金额: $ 7.7万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2012-08-09 至 2014-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8386161
• 关键词: Address; Adolescent; Brazil; Caring; Child; Conflict (Psychology); Country; Data; Demographic Transitions; Developing Countries; Disadvantaged; Economic Conditions; Economic Development; Economics; Education; Educational Status; Enrollment; Extended Family; Family; Family Sizes; Fertility; Future; Gender; Gender Role; Goals; Health; Household; Housing; Individual; Inequality; Joints; Life; Link; Literature; Male Adolescents; Modeling; Motivation; Outcome; Parents; Plant Roots; Policies; Population; Predisposition; Quality of life; Research; Resources; School Enrollments; School-Age Population; Schools; Shapes; Siblings; Social Conditions; Social Development; Societies; Sorting - Cell Movement; Stratification; Stream; Time; Traction; Twin Multiple Birth; Uncertainty; Variant; Work; base; boys; experience; girls; improved; interest; peer; population health; public health relevance; sex; social; socioeconomics

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Family size has long been a barometer of the current and future prospects of parents and their children, but the implications of living in a large or small family for children have evolved considerably over time and across societies. When extended family ties are strong and children can provide financial resources to the household, a large family may not necessarily imply disadvantages for all children. With economic development and increasing returns to education, the benefits parents accrue from having many children become increasingly at odds with the educational disadvantages faced by adolescents with many siblings. This tension is vividly seen in rapidly emerging economies such as Brazil, and highlights the challenging educational gaps faced by such countries. This project, therefore, will examine the links between family size and adolescent education in Brazil, providing a valuable contrast to the U.S.-based literature on this topic, and extending recent research that challenges the long-standing conclusion that there is a direct tradeoff between having a large family and investing in children's schooling. While the early empirical literature has generally confirmed the theoretical prediction that family size is negatively related to children's education, a recent stream of research has cast doubt on the homogeneity of these findings on conceptual and methodological grounds. Because of the incredible temporal and regional variation in social conditions, fertility regimes, and education Brazil has experienced over the last decades, the country offers an excellent opportunity to sort out the conflicting evidence on how family size predicts children's education. Brazil also offers high-quality nationally representative data that cover most of the years of the demographic transition as well as the dramatic changes in socio-economic conditions the country has experienced. This project extends previous research on the connections between family size and children's education by examining historical, regional, and gender variation in the case of Brazil, while at the same time addressing methodological concerns about the joint determination of education and family size that have recently gained traction in the literature. To accomplish this goal, we will implement twins and same-sex siblings' instrumental variable approaches using 32 years of nationally representative data, the PNAD (1977- 2009). This research is important because understanding whether and how the effect of family size on adolescent education varies by social, demographic and economic context is the first step toward addressing broader inequalities in social opportunities, a concern of particular relevance for Brazil, one of the most unequal countries in the world. The public health relevance of this project also comes from well-established evidence that rising children's educational levels improve social capacity for population health with substantial payoffs both in terms of reducing the burden of health problems at the societal level and in improving the quality of life of individuals. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This project examines disparities in education associated with fertility and family configuration, covering a lengthy period of time that encompasses the largest part of the fertility transition and important socio-economic changes Brazil has witnessed. Such research is important because it provides evidence of how changes in fertility and family size are linked to changes in population health via an important social mechanism, education. Such research is also high in policy relevance, given that stratification starts early in life and that understanding the roots of educational disparities is fundamental to policies focusing on building population's social capacity, with well-documented positive implications for the health of individuals and societies. The public health relevance of this project also comes from well-established evidence that rising children's educational levels improves social capacity for population health with substantial payoffs both in terms of reducing the burden of health problems at the societal level and in improving the quality of life of individuals.

描述（由申请人提供）：长期以来，家庭规模一直是父母及其子女的当前和未来前景的晴雨表，但是在一个大家庭中生活的孩子对孩子的含义随着时间的流逝和整个社会的发展。当大家庭的关系牢固，儿童可以为家庭提供财务资源时，大家庭可能不一定意味着所有儿童的缺点。随着经济发展和受教育程度的增长，父母从许多孩子越来越多的受益与许多兄弟姐妹的青少年所面临的教育劣势相抵触。在巴西等迅速新兴的经济体中生动地看到了这种紧张关系，并突出了这些国家面临的具有挑战性的教育差距。 因此，该项目将研究巴西的家庭规模和青少年教育之间的联系，从而与基于美国的有关该主题的文献形成了鲜明的对比，并扩展了最近的研究，这挑战了长期以来的结论，即拥有大家庭与投资儿童学校之间存在直接交易。 尽管早期的经验文献通常证实了一个理论上的预测，即家庭规模与儿童的教育有负相关，但最近的一系列研究对这些发现的同质性表示怀疑。 由于过去几十年中的社会状况，生育制度和教育经历的社会状况，生育能力和教育的令人难以置信的时间和地区差异，该国提供了一个绝佳的机会，可以解决有关家庭规模如何预测儿童教育的矛盾证据。 巴西还提供高质量的全国代表性数据，这些数据涵盖了人口过渡的大部分时间以及该国经历的社会经济状况的巨大变化。该项目通过研究巴西的历史，区域和性别差异，扩展了对家庭规模和儿童教育之间联系的研究，同时解决了关于最近在文献中获得关注的教育和家庭规模的方法学关注的问题。为了实现这一目标，我们将使用32年的全国代表性数据（1977- 2009）实施双胞胎和同性兄弟姐妹的工具变量方法。这项研究很重要，因为了解家庭规模对青少年教育的影响以及如何因社会，人口和经济环境而变化，这是解决社会机会中更广泛不平等的第一步，这是对巴西的特殊相关性，这是世界上最不平等的国家之一。该项目的公共卫生相关性也来自公认的证据，表明儿童的教育水平上升提高了社会人口健康能力，在减轻社会层面的健康问题负担和改善个人生活质量方面，既有可观的回报。 公共卫生相关性：该项目研究了与生育能力和家庭配置相关的教育差异，涵盖了涵盖生育能力过渡的最大部分以及巴西见证的重要社会经济变化的漫长一段时间。这样的研究很重要，因为它提供了证据表明，通过重要的社会机制，教育，生育能力和家庭规模的变化如何与人口健康的变化有关。鉴于分层在生命的早期开始，并且理解教育差异的根源是关注建立人口社会能力的政策的基础，这对政策的相关性也很高。该项目的公共卫生相关性也来自公认的证据，表明儿童的教育水平上升，可以提高社会健康能力，从而在减轻社会层面的健康问题和改善个人生活质量方面的负担在减轻健康问题的负担方面具有可观的回报。