Family Size and Children's Education in Brazil

巴西的家庭规模和儿童教育

• 批准号: 8386161
• 负责人: Leticia J Marteleto
• 金额: $ 7.7万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2012-08-09 至 2014-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8386161
• 关键词: Address; Adolescent; Brazil; Caring; Child; Conflict (Psychology); Country; Data; Demographic Transitions; Developing Countries; Disadvantaged; Economic Conditions; Economic Development; Economics; Education; Educational Status; Enrollment; Extended Family; Family; Family Sizes; Fertility; Future; Gender; Gender Role; Goals; Health; Household; Housing; Individual; Inequality; Joints; Life; Link; Literature; Male Adolescents; Modeling; Motivation; Outcome; Parents; Plant Roots; Policies; Population; Predisposition; Quality of life; Research; Resources; School Enrollments; School-Age Population; Schools; Shapes; Siblings; Social Conditions; Social Development; Societies; Sorting - Cell Movement; Stratification; Stream; Time; Traction; Twin Multiple Birth; Uncertainty; Variant; Work; base; boys; experience; girls; improved; interest; peer; population health; public health relevance; sex; social; socioeconomics

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Family size has long been a barometer of the current and future prospects of parents and their children, but the implications of living in a large or small family for children have evolved considerably over time and across societies. When extended family ties are strong and children can provide financial resources to the household, a large family may not necessarily imply disadvantages for all children. With economic development and increasing returns to education, the benefits parents accrue from having many children become increasingly at odds with the educational disadvantages faced by adolescents with many siblings. This tension is vividly seen in rapidly emerging economies such as Brazil, and highlights the challenging educational gaps faced by such countries. This project, therefore, will examine the links between family size and adolescent education in Brazil, providing a valuable contrast to the U.S.-based literature on this topic, and extending recent research that challenges the long-standing conclusion that there is a direct tradeoff between having a large family and investing in children's schooling. While the early empirical literature has generally confirmed the theoretical prediction that family size is negatively related to children's education, a recent stream of research has cast doubt on the homogeneity of these findings on conceptual and methodological grounds. Because of the incredible temporal and regional variation in social conditions, fertility regimes, and education Brazil has experienced over the last decades, the country offers an excellent opportunity to sort out the conflicting evidence on how family size predicts children's education. Brazil also offers high-quality nationally representative data that cover most of the years of the demographic transition as well as the dramatic changes in socio-economic conditions the country has experienced. This project extends previous research on the connections between family size and children's education by examining historical, regional, and gender variation in the case of Brazil, while at the same time addressing methodological concerns about the joint determination of education and family size that have recently gained traction in the literature. To accomplish this goal, we will implement twins and same-sex siblings' instrumental variable approaches using 32 years of nationally representative data, the PNAD (1977- 2009). This research is important because understanding whether and how the effect of family size on adolescent education varies by social, demographic and economic context is the first step toward addressing broader inequalities in social opportunities, a concern of particular relevance for Brazil, one of the most unequal countries in the world. The public health relevance of this project also comes from well-established evidence that rising children's educational levels improve social capacity for population health with substantial payoffs both in terms of reducing the burden of health problems at the societal level and in improving the quality of life of individuals. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This project examines disparities in education associated with fertility and family configuration, covering a lengthy period of time that encompasses the largest part of the fertility transition and important socio-economic changes Brazil has witnessed. Such research is important because it provides evidence of how changes in fertility and family size are linked to changes in population health via an important social mechanism, education. Such research is also high in policy relevance, given that stratification starts early in life and that understanding the roots of educational disparities is fundamental to policies focusing on building population's social capacity, with well-documented positive implications for the health of individuals and societies. The public health relevance of this project also comes from well-established evidence that rising children's educational levels improves social capacity for population health with substantial payoffs both in terms of reducing the burden of health problems at the societal level and in improving the quality of life of individuals.

描述（由申请人提供）：家庭规模长期以来一直是父母及其子女当前和未来前景的晴雨表，但生活在大家庭或小家庭对儿童的影响随着时间的推移和不同社会的变化而发生了很大变化。当大家庭关系牢固并且孩子可以为家庭提供经济资源时，大家庭不一定意味着对所有孩子都不利。随着经济的发展和教育回报率的不断提高，父母因生育多个孩子而获得的好处与拥有多个兄弟姐妹的青少年所面临的教育劣势越来越矛盾。这种紧张局势在巴西等快速新兴经济体中表现得淋漓尽致，并凸显了这些国家面临的具有挑战性的教育差距。 因此，该项目将研究巴西家庭规模与青少年教育之间的联系，与美国关于这一主题的文献进行有价值的对比，并扩展最近的研究，挑战长期存在的结论，即家庭规模与青少年教育之间存在直接权衡。拥有一个大家庭并投资于孩子的教育。 虽然早期的实证文献普遍证实了家庭规模与儿童教育负相关的理论预测，但最近的一系列研究在概念和方法论上对这些发现的同质性提出了质疑。 由于过去几十年巴西在社会条件、生育制度和教育方面经历了令人难以置信的时间和地区差异，该国提供了一个绝佳的机会来整理关于家庭规模如何预测儿童教育的相互矛盾的证据。 巴西还提供高质量的具有全国代表性的数据，涵盖人口转型的大部分年份以及该国经历的社会经济条件的巨大变化。该项目通过考察巴西的历史、地区和性别差异，扩展了之前关于家庭规模与儿童教育之间关系的研究，同时解决了最近提出的关于教育和家庭规模共同决定的方法论问题。文献中的牵引力。为了实现这一目标，我们将使用 32 年的全国代表性数据 PNAD (1977-2009) 来实施双胞胎和同性兄弟姐妹的工具变量方法。这项研究很重要，因为了解家庭规模对青少年教育的影响是否以及如何因社会、人口和经济背景而变化，是解决更广泛的社会机会不平等问题的第一步，巴西是最不平等的国家之一，这一问题尤其重要。世界各国。该项目与公共卫生的相关性还来自于明确的证据，即儿童教育水平的提高提高了人口健康的社会能力，在减轻社会层面健康问题的负担和提高人们的生活质量方面产生了巨大的回报。个人。 公共卫生相关性：该项目研究了与生育率和家庭结构相关的教育差异，涵盖了巴西经历的生育率转变和重要社会经济变化的大部分时期的较长时期。此类研究很重要，因为它提供了证据，证明生育率和家庭规模的变化如何通过重要的社会机制（教育）与人口健康的变化联系起来。此类研究也具有很高的政策相关性，因为分层从生命早期就开始了，而且了解教育差异的根源对于注重建设人口社会能力的政策至关重要，对个人和社会的健康具有明确的积极影响。该项目与公共卫生的相关性还来自于明确的证据，即儿童教育水平的提高提高了人口健康的社会能力，在减轻社会层面健康问题的负担和提高人们的生活质量方面产生了巨大的回报。个人。