The Gist of Hot and Cold Cognition in Adolescents Risky Decision Making

青少年风险决策中的冷热认知要点

• 批准号: 8413274
• 负责人: Valerie Frances Reyna
• 金额: $ 52.34万
• 依托单位: CORNELL UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2012-09-27 至 2015-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8413274
• 关键词: 19 year old; Adolescence; Adolescent; Adult; Affective; Amygdaloid structure; Arsenic; Attitude; Behavior; Behavioral inhibition; Brain; Candy; Cardiovascular system; Cognition; Conceptions; Corpus striatum structure; Data; Decision Making; Development; Economics; Emotional; Emotions; Feedback; Food; Fright; Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging; HIV; Health; Hunger; Incentives; Individual Differences; Informal Social Control; Laboratories; Learning; Life; Measures; Memory; Morbidity - disease rate; Motivation; Neurosciences; Obesity; Outcome; Pattern; Persons; Play; Principal Component Analysis; Principal Investigator; Probability; Procedures; Process; Psychologist; Psychology; Public Health; Punishment; Questionnaires; Relative (related person); Research; Research Personnel; Rewards; Risk; Risk Behaviors; Risk-Taking; Rivers; Sampling; Scholarship; Staging; Testing; Time; Water; Work; base; cognitive control; design; driving under influence; falls; meetings; mental representation; mortality; neglect; neural circuit; neuroimaging; preference; protective effect; research study; response; risk perception; social; theories; young adult

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Risky behavior contributes to substantial morbidity and mortality during adolescence, and unhealthy patterns of behavior that debut during this period have consequences that play out over a lifetime. For example, in a representative sample of 5,547 12- to 19-year-olds, none met criteria for cardiovascular health. Sensitivity to rewards (e.g., tasty foods) contributes to obesity and other unhealthy behaviors, and recent reviews of research on risky decision making in adolescence have focused on this topic. Although there is evidence that adolescents are more sensitive than adults are to rewards, not all studies find this pattern: Some studies find less sensitivity to rewards among adolescents, which cannot be explained simply by reward stages (anticipation vs. receipt). Other studies were not designed to isolate reward sensitivity, and so confound it with known developmental differences in risk attitudes, memory for outcomes, or feedback-induced strategies. Also, definitions of reward sensitivity vary across fields, and research on adolescent decision making does not distinguish among 4 different hypotheses tested here. These hypotheses make starkly different predictions about adolescent risk taking and effects of incentives on their behavior. Moreover, we examine the interplay between such factors as sensitivity to reward and risk, on the one hand, with emotions and drive states on the other hand. We test surprising, but theoretically motivated predictions, for example: (1) Drive states will induce reverse framing (taking greater risks for greater rewards and accepting larger sure losses) among adolescents even for objectively low rewards. (2) Inducing gist processing will have a protective effect on ris taking for rewards, reducing vulnerability to drive states. (3) Although most theories anticipate that adolescents will be more vulnerable to strong emotion than adults, and less able to accurately forecast their risky decisions, there is theoretical justification for the prediction tht adolescents will approach such risks more coldly than adults. Adolescents and adults will provide reward ratings and make decisions involving these same rewards (in counterbalanced order) using consequential and motivating incentive-compatible procedures. We examine common currency and domain-specific effects for candy bars and money, and use neuroimaging to test hypotheses about neural circuitry of risk taking. The Principal Investigator and other investigators are highly proficient data analysts and mathematical modelers. Analyses will include standard ANOVA for factorial designs (Table 1) with either decision choices or reward ratings as dependent variables. Using multiple regressions, measures of individual differences (principal components analysis will be used to reduce the number of predictors; see Reyna, Estrada et al., 2011), plus laboratory decisions and reward ratings, will be used to predict real-life risk taking on the Adolescent Risk Questionnaire. Therefore, we both manipulate levels of reward and measure sensitivity to reward as an individual difference, as well as manipulate challenges to cognitive control (e.g., drive states) and measure cognitive control, including inhibition (Behavioral Inhibition Scale and go/no-go task). PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Risky behavior contributes to substantial morbidity and mortality during adolescence, and the unhealthy patterns of behavior that debut during this period have consequences that play out over a lifetime. Bringing together economists, psychologists, and neuroscientists, we systematically examine the interplay between cognition versus emotional and motivational states, such as hunger, fear, and tempting rewards, as adolescents and young adults make consequential risky decisions.

描述（由申请人提供）：冒险行为在青春期有助于大量的发病率和死亡率，在此期间首次亮相的不健康行为模式会带来一生中产生的后果。例如，在5,547 12至19岁的代表性样本中，没有一个符合心血管健康的标准。对奖励的敏感性（例如，美味的食物）有助于肥胖和其他不健康的行为，并且最近对青春期危险决策的研究的评论集中在此主题上。尽管有证据表明青少年比成年人更敏感，但并非所有研究都发现这种模式：有些研究发现青少年对奖励的敏感性较小，这不能简单地通过奖励阶段来解释（预期与收据）。其他研究并非旨在隔离奖励敏感性，因此将其与已知的风险态度，记忆成果的记忆或反馈引起的策略的发育差异相混淆。同样，奖励灵敏度的定义在各个领域各不相同，对青少年决策的研究并不能区分此处检验的4个不同假设。这些假设对青少年风险的冒险以及激励措施对行为的影响的预测截然不同。此外，我们研究了诸如对奖励和风险敏感性的因素之间的相互作用，另一方面是情感和驱动状态。我们测试了令人惊讶的，但理论上动机的预测，例如：（1）驱动态将诱发反向框架（对更大的奖励承担更大的风险，并接受更大的肯定损失），即使是客观上低的奖励也是如此。 （2）诱导GIST处理将对RIS获得奖励产生保护作用，从而减少驱动状态的脆弱性。 （3）尽管大多数理论都期望青少年比成年人更容易受到强烈情绪的影响，并且能够准确预测其风险的决定，但是对于预测，青少年的理论理由比成年人更冷漠地遇到这种风险。青少年和成年人将使用相应的和激励互动的兼容程序提供奖励评级，并做出涉及这些相同奖励（以平衡顺序）的决定。我们检查了糖果棒和金钱的共同货币和特定领域的效果，并使用神经影像来测试有关冒险的神经回路的假设。首席研究员和其他研究人员是高度熟练的数据分析师和数学建模者。分析将包括阶乘设计的标准ANOVA（表1），其决策选择或奖励评级为因变量。使用多个回归措施，对个体差异的度量（主要组件分析将用于减少预测因子的数量；请参见Reyna，Estrada等，2011），以及实验室决策和奖励等级，将用于预测对青春期风险问卷的现实生活中的风险。因此，我们既操纵奖励水平，又要衡量奖励作为个体差异的敏感性，以及操纵对认知控制的挑战（例如，驱动状态）和衡量认知控制，包括抑制（行为抑制量表和GO/no-go to no-go任务）。 公共卫生相关性：冒险行为在青春期有助于大量的发病率和死亡率，并且在此期间首次亮相的不健康行为模式会带来一生中的后果。将经济学家，心理学家和神经科学家汇集在一起​​，我们会系统地检查认知与情感和动机状态之间的相互作用，例如饥饿，恐惧和诱人的奖励，因为青少年和年轻人做出后果的风险决定。