Infant Color Categories

婴儿颜色类别

• 批准号: 8008593
• 负责人: ANGELA MARGARET BROWN
• 金额: $ 12.7万
• 依托单位: OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2007
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2007-09-01 至 2012-01-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8008593
• 关键词: Adult; Age; Biology; Categories; Cognitive; Color; Color Perception; Color Visions; Data; Data Set; Development; Discrimination; Elements; English Language; Eye; Eye Movements; Grouping; Infant; Language; Language Development; Lateral; Linguistics; Literature; Measures; Methods; Modification; Motion; Outcome; Perception; Physiological; Physiology; Psychometrics; Running; Saccades; Scientist; Sensory; Shapes; Stimulus; Testing; Time; Vision; Visual; Visual system structure; base; color category; method development; preference; research study; response; sensory discrimination; theories; visual search

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): There is no compelling physiological theory that explains all eleven basic color categories in the English language. Linguistic relativists (following the Sapir-Whorf view) argue that no such theory is likely to be found, because they believe that color categories are acquired through language and culture, not physiology. This project will test that hypothesis by studying infants. (H1) If infants perceive colors categorically as soon as they have color vision, and before they are old enough to speak, then language is not necessary for colors to be perceived categorically. In that case, it will make sense for vision scientists to look for a physiological explanation of color categories. (H2) In contrast, if infants do not perceive colors categorically until well after they have acquired color vision, then categorical perception requires more than simply the ability to distinguish one color from another. That additional requirement might be the acquisition of language, as the linguistic relativists suggest. (H3) Finally, if infants perceive some colors categorically but not others, then it will make sense to look for a physiological basis of some basic color categories (those that infants see) but not others. This R21 project will establish a new paradigm for studying categorical perception of color in 4-month-old infants and adults. This will require two essential elements, based on eye movement data collected on the same eye-tracker apparatus, and using the same response measure: saccadic latency. These will be (1) a sensory element based on eye-movement Preferential Looking, and (2) a "preattentive" perceptual element based on Visual Search. After establishing the latency and spatial criteria for accepting a saccadic eye movement towards a stimulus, further experiments will determine whether "pop-out" (instantaneous) Visual Search is possible, using disks of color as targets and distracters. Next, eye movement preferential looking, the sensory component, will determine whether sensory color discrimination is a continuous function of chromatic- ity using blue and green stimuli. Finally, Visual Search, the perceptual component, will determine whether pre- attentive perception of blue and green colors is categorical. Depending on the results with blue and green stimuli, eye movement Preferential Looking and Visual Search experiments will be performed using other colors. The outcome will be one of three possibilities. Either (H1) infants perceive all colors categorically; (H2) infants perceive no colors categorically; or (H3) infants perceive some colors categorically, but they perceive some colors continuously. Depending on the results, color vision scientists can expect to find physiological explanations of (H1) all color categories, (H2) no color categories, or (H3) some color categories but not others. Although infant color vision has been studied extensively at the sensory level, much less is known about what infants "know" about color. This project will determine if infants group colors into "reds", "greens", "pinks", etc, as adults do, or whether they just perceive color on a continuum without categories. This project will increase our understanding of normal infant visual and perceptual development, and the methods can be applied to studies that distinguish between abnormal sensory versus cognitive development.

描述（由申请人提供）：没有引人注目的生理理论来解释英语中所有11种基本颜色类别。语言相对主义者（遵循Sapir-Whorf观点）认为，没有发现这种理论，因为他们认为颜色类别是通过语言和文化而不是生理学获得的。该项目将通过研究婴儿来检验该假设。 （H1）如果婴儿一旦有颜色视觉，并且在年纪大到足以说话之前就明确地感知了颜色，那么语言对于颜色不需要被绝对感知。在这种情况下，视觉科学家寻找对颜色类别的生理解释是有意义的。 （H2）相比之下，如果婴儿在获得色觉后直到良好的状态才能明确感知颜色，那么绝对感知不仅需要将一种颜色与另一种颜色区分开的能力。正如语言相对主义者所建议的，这可能是对语言的获取。 （H3）最后，如果婴儿明确地感知了某些颜色，但没有其他颜色，那么寻找某些基本颜色类别的生理基础是有意义的（婴儿看到的），但没有其他颜色类别。这个R21项目将建立一个新的范式，用于研究4个月大的婴儿和成人对颜色的分类感知。这将需要基于在同一眼球设备上收集的眼动数据，并使用相同的响应度量：Saccadic Latency。这些将是（1）基于眼动优先外观的感官元素，以及（2）基于视觉搜索的“ preattive”感知元素。在建立了接受刺激性眼球运动的潜伏期和空间标准之后，进一步的实验将确定使用“弹出”（瞬时）视觉搜索，使用彩色磁盘作为目标和干扰素。接下来，眼动优先外观（感官成分）将确定感觉颜色歧视是否是使用蓝色和绿色刺激的色度连续函数。最后，视觉搜索（感知组件）将确定对蓝色和绿色的细心感知是否是分类的。根据蓝色和绿色刺激的结果，将使用其他颜色进行眼动优先外观和视觉搜索实验。结果将是三种可能性之一。 （H1）婴儿都明确地感知所有颜色； （H2）婴儿明确感知颜色；或（H3）婴儿明确地感知了某些颜色，但他们会不断感知一些颜色。根据结果​​，色觉科学家可以期望找到（H1）所有颜色类别，（H2）无颜色类别或（H3）某些颜色类别但没有其他颜色类别的生理解释。尽管婴儿色觉已在感官水平上进行了广泛的研究，但对婴儿“知道”颜色的知识知之甚少。该项目将确定婴儿是否像成年人一样将颜色组成“红色”，“绿色”，“粉红色”等，或者他们是否只是在连续体上感知颜色而没有类别。该项目将增加我们对正常婴儿视觉和感知发展的理解，并且这些方法可以应用于区分异常感觉与认知发展的研究。