Aging, Social Interdependence and Wisdom in the U.S. and Japan

美国和日本的老龄化、社会相互依存与智慧

• 批准号: 7462003
• 负责人: RICHARD E NISBETT
• 金额: $ 31.16万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2008
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2008-04-15 至 2011-03-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7462003
• 关键词: Accounting; Age; Aging; American; Area; Asians; Attention; Behavior; Belief; Characteristics; Class; Cognition; Cognitive; Complex; Computer information processing; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Data; Dependence; Disputes; Elderly; Etiology; European; Evaluation; Event; Fostering; Goals; Hand; Health; Individual; Individual Differences; Intelligence; Japan; Japanese American; Japanese Population; Learning; Life; Light; Liquid substance; Logic; Measures; Movement; Nature; Participant; Pattern; Perception; Performance; Persons; Play; Public Health; Published Comment; Range; Rate; Research; Residual state; Role; Sampling; Social Environment; Social Network; Social support; Socioeconomic Status; Testing; Thinking; Uncertainty; United States; Work; age effect; age group; age related; base; biobehavior; heuristics; member; social

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): We test three main hypotheses: (1) older people are more interdependent than younger people and (2) as a consequence, they become more holistic in cognition, and (3) in part as a result of more holistic thinking, they become wiser in some respects. We will sample people aged 20-79. We will study American and Japanese participants on tests measuring independent/interdependent social orientation including characteristics of each participant's social network, perceived social support, and various indirect indicators such as sensitivity to vocal tone. To test whether greater interdependence within age groups is associated with more holistic thinking, we will assess several facets of holistic cognition including attention to context, causal attribution, logical vs. dialectic reasoning, recognition of uncertainty, and context-dependent learning. More holistic people, as compared to more analytic people: attend to context more broadly, more clearly recognize the role of situations in producing behavior and have more complex views of causality, look for the middle way in disputes and evaluation of contradictory propositions, are more cognizant of uncertainty and change, and show larger context- dependent learning effects. We anticipate that greater age will prove to be associated with more holistic cognition for Americans, who become increasingly more interdependent as they age. We anticipate that the aging effect on cognition will be less for Japanese, who probably increase less in interdependence as they age. We will draw random samples from one middle-class area and one working-class area of both the United States and Japan. We will measure health, socioeconomic status, crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence. These measures will be used to gauge comparability of samples in the U.S. and Japan and to determine their relation to interdependence and holistic vs. analytic cognition. Thus this application examines the long-held folk belief that with age, we become wiser, and evaluates the hypothesis that much of what westerners call "wisdom" is similar to holistic processing of information. Holistic processing of information is fostered by interdependence with other people, which is more characteristic of the elderly. The research will shed light on how social relationships change with age, how the nature of social relationships influences thinking, and how certain kinds of cognition encourage wise thinking. Public Health Relevance: The research will shed light on how social relationships change with age, how the nature of social relationships influences thinking, and how certain kinds of cognition encourage wise thinking.

描述（由申请人提供）：我们检验三个主要假设：（1）老年人比年轻人更相互依存，（2）因此，他们在认知方面变得更加全面，（3）部分由于更全面的思维，他们在某些方面变得更加明智。我们将品尝20-79岁的人。我们将研究美国和日本参与者的测试，以测量独立/相互依存的社会取向，包括每个参与者的社交网络的特征，感知到的社会支持以及各种间接指标，例如对声音的敏感性。为了测试年龄段内更大的相互依赖性是否与更全面的思维有关，我们将评估整体认知的几个方面，包括关注上下文，因果归因，逻辑与辩证推理，辩护性推理，对不确定性的识别以及与上下文相关的学习。与更多的分析人物相比，更多的整体人物：更广泛地关注背景，更清楚地认识到情况在产生行为中的作用，对因果关系具有更复杂的观点，寻找争议和矛盾命题的评估的中间方式，对不确定性和变化的认识更加认识，并显示出更大的依赖性学习效果。我们预计，年龄更高的年龄将被证明与美国人更加整体认知有关，他们随着年龄的增长而变得越来越相互依存。我们预计，对于日本人来说，对认知的衰老影响会减少，因为随着年龄的增长，相互依存的增长可能会降低。我们将从美国和日本的一个中产阶级地区和一个工人阶级区域中绘制随机样本。我们将衡量健康，社会经济地位，结晶的智力和流体智能。这些措施将用于衡量美国和日本样本的可比性，并确定它们与相互依存关系和整体认知与分析认知的关系。因此，该申请研究了以下长期的民间信念，即随着年龄的增长，我们变得更加明智，并评估了以下假设：西方人所说的“智慧”大多数类似于信息的整体处理。信息的整体处理是通过与其他人相互依存的，这是老年人的特征。这项研究将阐明社会关系如何随着年龄的变化，社会关系的性质如何影响思维以及某些认知如何鼓励明智的思维。 公共卫生相关性：研究将阐明社会关系如何随着年龄的增长而变化，社会关系的性质如何影响思维以及某些类型的认知如何鼓励明智的思维。