Supporting the Montreal Protocol: monitoring long-lived halogenated species with atmospheric nadir sounders

支持《蒙特利尔议定书》：利用大气最低点探测器监测长寿命卤化物种

• 批准号: 2902397
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Leicester
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2023
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2023 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2902397
• 关键词: Supporting; Montreal; Protocol; monitoring; long

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were first developed in the 1930s as safe, reliable, and non-toxic refrigerants for domestic use. This explosion in use led to a steady increase in their atmospheric abundances. However, while inert in the troposphere, it was this stability which enabled them to reach the stratosphere, where dissociation by ultraviolet (UV) radiation released chlorine atoms catalysing the destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer which protects us from harmful UV radiation.It will be many years before stratospheric ozone levels return to pre-1980 levels because these species and their replacements, the majority of which are regulated by the Montreal Protocol, are generally very long-lived in the atmosphere. Continued monitoring of these species is crucial to ensure abundances are decreasing as expected. For example, atmospheric monitoring was able to quantify recent illegal emissions of CFC-11 from eastern China [Rigby et al., 2019].Over recent decades, monitoring these species, which are also very strong greenhouse gases, from orbit has been the domain of infrared (IR) limb sounders. The only active limb sounder now measuring these species regularly is the ACE-FTS (Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment - Fourier Transform Spectrometer) which has been operating since 2004 [Bernath, 2017]. With the golden age of limb sounding coming to an end, one question is whether hyperspectral nadir IR sounders can fill the satellite monitoring gap.A number of atmospheric nadir sounders, with low radiometric noise and high spectral resolution, measure top-of-atmosphere radiances in the thermal IR; these include IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) and CrIS (Cross-track Infrared Sounder). From the atmospheric spectra recorded by these instruments we can determine the concentrations of a range of trace gases, such as methane, water, and carbon dioxide. These instruments have the potential to provide monitoring of halogenated species, and early work has shown the promise of using IASI for monitoring eight such species [De Longueville et al., 2021]. The advantage of using CrIS is that it possesses superior signal-to-noise, thus providing the prospect of more robust trends and the monitoring of additional species that IASI cannot observe.

1930年代首次开发氯氟化合物（CFC），是安全，可靠且无毒的制冷剂，可用于家用。使用中的这种爆炸导致他们的大气丰度稳定增加。但是，尽管在对流层中惰性时，正是这种稳定使他们得以到达平流层，在这种稳定性中，紫外线（UV）辐射的解离释放氯原子促进氯原子，促进平流层臭氧层的破坏，从而保护我们免受有害UV辐射的侵害。蒙特利尔方案通常在大气中非常长。继续监测这些物种对于确保符合预期的丰度降低至关重要。例如，大气监测能够量化来自中国东部的CFC-11的最新非法排放[Rigby等，2019]。近几十年来，监测这些物种（也是非常强大的温室气体），来自轨道的温室气体一直是红外（IR）Limb Sounders的域。现在定期测量这些物种的唯一活跃的肢体声音是ACE -FTS（大气化学实验 - 傅立叶变换光谱仪），该实验自2004年以来一直在运行[Bernath，2017年]。随着肢体响起的黄金时代即将结束，一个问题是高光谱的Nadir IR探测器是否可以填补卫星监测差距。大气中的Nadir音响器数量，具有低辐射噪声和高频谱分辨率，测量热IR中的高度频谱射击；其中包括IASI（红外大气发声干涉仪）和CRIS（跨轨红外发声器）。从这些仪器记录的大气光谱中，我们可以确定一系列痕量气体的浓度，例如甲烷，水和二氧化碳。这些仪器有可能提供对卤化物种的监测，并且早期工作表明了使用IASI监测八种此类物种的希望[De Longueville等，2021]。使用CRIS的优点是它具有卓越的信号到噪声，因此提供了更强大趋势的前景，并监测了Iasi无法观察到的其他物种。