Once upon a time:In what ways does the use of metaphor and story in counselling sessions help those with PTSD to reframe their trauma narratives?

曾几何时：在咨询课程中使用隐喻和故事如何帮助患有创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）的人重新构建他们的创伤叙述？

• 批准号: 2593983
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Birmingham
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2021 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2593983
• 关键词: Once; upon; time; what; ways

Metaphor is a way to see or experience one thing as something else (Grady, 1997a&b) allowing us to reason and communicate abstract concepts. It has long been used in psychotherapy where it has shown to enhance conceptualisation, expression of emotion and transforming meaning (Lakoff and Johnson, 1999: Mathieson et al., 2018). Existing research has shown that 'disclosure', that is revealing a trauma, using expressive writing, metaphor and creative activities, results in improvement in physiological and psychological health (Pennebaker and Beall, 1986; Connolly Baker & Mazza, 2004; Brewin,2005). But no studies to date have investigated how these features work in combination.The primary aim of the study is to test the effectiveness of psychological interventions using metaphor and story in writing and creative activities, to help reframe the trauma narrative of clients, especially for those suffering from PTSD. Different ways of incorporating metaphor and story into creative activities will be analysed to see which work best with PTSD. The study will also explore whether the effectiveness of the metaphor is dependent on the activity or on how the therapist or workshop leader embodies the activity. The project will be interdisciplinary, based on cognitive linguistics drawing on psychology, metaphor, writing and trauma theories. Creative activities will be designed and run with two groups to compare and analyse what components in the activities are more effective for people with PTSD. Participants for one group will be recruited from English and Counselling/Psychology undergraduates. The workshop will be promoted as a stress relieving activity. A preliminary questionnaire adapted from trauma-informed screening tests will be used to test for PTSD. The other group will be clients from an eating disorder clinic at The Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust (BSMHFT). The clinical staff triage will screen the clients for PTSD. The workshops will be held over six weeks, with 6-8 people. The experimental activities will be conducted with both groups and their effectiveness will be compared with activities within the expressive writing paradigm used in Pennebaker and Beall's (1986) research on writing about traumatic events. This study will focus on activities which include different combinations of metaphor and story, for example, writing as if a character from a fairy tale. Participants will be invited to reflect in their journals and will be assessed by questionnaires on how they felt before, during, and after the activities. After two months they will be asked to complete a short expressive writing task and to answer a questionnaire to identify any changes in their narratives. The focus of the analysis will be in their use of words that indicate changes in cognition, words that connect ideas and words that show a deeper or more considered understanding of an event. A word emotion chart will be used to register changes in emotions. Evidence of any reframing from the eating disorder client group will be reported from the nurse staff based on their attitudes and behaviour. The primary research question is:How effective are interventions involving metaphor and story in helping clients reframe their trauma narrative?Secondary questions include:Does the combined approach of metaphor and storytelling help people reframe their trauma safely within a group setting?What cognitive changes are provoked in clients when they and the therapist use metaphor and storytelling, to access and reframe their trauma narratives? What else is required with language?The project will have a wide- reaching impact, benefiting academics and practitioners by contributing to theoretical understanding in how metaphor and story can help reframe the trauma narrative. The hope is that the findings will influence and improve the design and implementation of psychological programmes with creative metaphor interventions.

隐喻是一种将一件事视为另一件事的方式（Grady，1997a&b），使我们能够推理和交流抽象概念。它长期以来被用于心理治疗，它被证明可以增强概念化、情感表达和意义转变（Lakoff 和 Johnson，1999：Mathieson 等，2018）。现有研究表明，“披露”，即使用表达性写作、隐喻和创造性活动来揭示创伤，可以改善生理和心理健康（Pennebaker 和 Beall，1986；Connolly Baker 和 Mazza，2004；Brewin，2005） 。但迄今为止还没有研究调查这些特征如何结合起来发挥作用。该研究的主要目的是测试在写作和创意活动中使用隐喻和故事进行心理干预的有效性，以帮助重新构建客户的创伤叙述，特别是对于那些患有创伤后应激障碍。我们将分析将隐喻和故事融入创意活动的不同方式，看看哪种方式最适合治疗创伤后应激障碍。该研究还将探讨隐喻的有效性是否取决于活动或治疗师或研讨会领导者如何体现该活动。该项目将是跨学科的，以认知语言学为基础，借鉴心理学、隐喻、写作和创伤理论。将设计并由两组进行创意活动，以比较和分析活动中的哪些组成部分对创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）患者更有效。一组参与者将从英语和咨询/心理学本科生中招募。该工作坊将被宣传为一项缓解压力的活动。根据创伤知情筛查测试改编的初步调查问卷将用于测试 PTSD。另一组将是伯明翰和索利哈尔心理健康 NHS 基金会信托基金 (BSMHFT) 饮食失调诊所的客户。临床工作人员分类将对客户进行创伤后应激障碍筛查。研讨会将举办六周，参加人数为 6-8 人。实验活动将在两组中进行，其有效性将与 Pennebaker 和 Beall (1986) 关于创伤事件写作的研究中使用的表达性写作范式内的活动进行比较。本研究将重点关注包括隐喻和故事的不同组合的活动，例如，像童话故事中的人物一样写作。参与者将被邀请在日记中反思，并通过问卷调查评估他们在活动之前、期间和之后的感受。两个月后，他们将被要求完成一份简短的表达性写作任务，并回答一份调查问卷，以确定他们的叙述中是否有任何变化。分析的重点将在于他们使用表明认知变化的词语、连接想法的词语以及显示对事件更深入或更深思熟虑的理解的词语。单词情绪图表将用于记录情绪的变化。护士人员将根据饮食失调客户群体的态度和行为报告他们的任何重构证据。主要研究问题是：涉及隐喻和故事的干预措施在帮助来访者重新构建他们的创伤叙述方面有多有效？次要问题包括：隐喻和讲故事的结合方法是否可以帮助人们在群体环境中安全地重新构建他们的创伤？会引发哪些认知变化？当来访者和治疗师使用隐喻和讲故事来访问和重构他们的创伤叙述时，他们会如何看待？语言还需要什么？该项目将产生广泛的影响，通过促进对隐喻和故事如何帮助重构创伤叙事的理论理解，使学者和实践者受益。希望这些发现能够影响和改进具有创造性隐喻干预的心理项目的设计和实施。