Once upon a time:In what ways does the use of metaphor and story in counselling sessions help those with PTSD to reframe their trauma narratives?

曾几何时：在咨询课程中使用隐喻和故事如何帮助患有创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）的人重新构建他们的创伤叙述？

• 批准号: 2593983
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Birmingham
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2021 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2593983
• 关键词: Once; upon; time; what; ways

Metaphor is a way to see or experience one thing as something else (Grady, 1997a&b) allowing us to reason and communicate abstract concepts. It has long been used in psychotherapy where it has shown to enhance conceptualisation, expression of emotion and transforming meaning (Lakoff and Johnson, 1999: Mathieson et al., 2018). Existing research has shown that 'disclosure', that is revealing a trauma, using expressive writing, metaphor and creative activities, results in improvement in physiological and psychological health (Pennebaker and Beall, 1986; Connolly Baker & Mazza, 2004; Brewin,2005). But no studies to date have investigated how these features work in combination.The primary aim of the study is to test the effectiveness of psychological interventions using metaphor and story in writing and creative activities, to help reframe the trauma narrative of clients, especially for those suffering from PTSD. Different ways of incorporating metaphor and story into creative activities will be analysed to see which work best with PTSD. The study will also explore whether the effectiveness of the metaphor is dependent on the activity or on how the therapist or workshop leader embodies the activity. The project will be interdisciplinary, based on cognitive linguistics drawing on psychology, metaphor, writing and trauma theories. Creative activities will be designed and run with two groups to compare and analyse what components in the activities are more effective for people with PTSD. Participants for one group will be recruited from English and Counselling/Psychology undergraduates. The workshop will be promoted as a stress relieving activity. A preliminary questionnaire adapted from trauma-informed screening tests will be used to test for PTSD. The other group will be clients from an eating disorder clinic at The Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust (BSMHFT). The clinical staff triage will screen the clients for PTSD. The workshops will be held over six weeks, with 6-8 people. The experimental activities will be conducted with both groups and their effectiveness will be compared with activities within the expressive writing paradigm used in Pennebaker and Beall's (1986) research on writing about traumatic events. This study will focus on activities which include different combinations of metaphor and story, for example, writing as if a character from a fairy tale. Participants will be invited to reflect in their journals and will be assessed by questionnaires on how they felt before, during, and after the activities. After two months they will be asked to complete a short expressive writing task and to answer a questionnaire to identify any changes in their narratives. The focus of the analysis will be in their use of words that indicate changes in cognition, words that connect ideas and words that show a deeper or more considered understanding of an event. A word emotion chart will be used to register changes in emotions. Evidence of any reframing from the eating disorder client group will be reported from the nurse staff based on their attitudes and behaviour. The primary research question is:How effective are interventions involving metaphor and story in helping clients reframe their trauma narrative?Secondary questions include:Does the combined approach of metaphor and storytelling help people reframe their trauma safely within a group setting?What cognitive changes are provoked in clients when they and the therapist use metaphor and storytelling, to access and reframe their trauma narratives? What else is required with language?The project will have a wide- reaching impact, benefiting academics and practitioners by contributing to theoretical understanding in how metaphor and story can help reframe the trauma narrative. The hope is that the findings will influence and improve the design and implementation of psychological programmes with creative metaphor interventions.

隐喻是一种将一件事视为其他事物（Grady，1997a＆b）的方式，使我们能够推理和传达抽象概念。它长期以来一直在心理治疗中使用，在心理治疗中，它已证明可以增强概念化，情感的表达和改变意义（Lakoff和Johnson，1999：Mathieson等，2018）。现有的研究表明，“披露”，即使用表现力的写作，隐喻和创造性活动揭示了创伤，从而改善了生理和心理健康（Pennebaker and Beall，1986; Connolly Baker＆Mazza，2004; Brewin，2005）。但是，迄今为止，还没有研究这些特征如何结合起来。该研究的主要目的是使用隐喻和故事在写作和创造性活动中测试心理干预的有效性，以帮助重塑客户的创伤叙事，尤其是针对患有PTSD的人。将分析将隐喻和故事纳入创意活动的不同方式，以查看哪种与PTSD最有效。该研究还将探讨隐喻的有效性是否取决于活动或治疗师或研讨会领导者如何体现活动。该项目将基于借鉴心理学，隐喻，写作和创伤理论的认知语言学。创意活动将与两个小组一起设计和运行，以比较和分析活动中哪些组件对PTSD患者更有效。一组的参与者将从英语和咨询/心理学的本科生中招募。研讨会将作为缓解压力活动促进。根据创伤信息筛查测试改编的初步问卷将用于测试PTSD。另一组将是伯明翰饮食失调诊所和Solihull心理健康基金会信托基金会（BSMHFT）的客户。临床人员分类将对客户介绍PTSD。讲习班将在六个星期内举行，有6-8人。实验活动将与两个组一起进行，其有效性将与Pennebaker和Beall（1986）关于创伤事件的写作的表达性写作范式中的活动进行比较。这项研究将重点放在包括隐喻和故事不同组合的活动上，例如，写作就像童话中的角色一样。将邀请参与者在期刊中进行反思，并将通过问卷调查对活动的感觉，期间和之后的感觉。两个月后，他们将被要求完成一项简短的表达写作任务，并回答问卷，以确定其叙述中的任何变化。分析的重点将在于他们使用表明认知变化的单词，连接思想的单词和单词，这些词和词显示对事件的理解更深入或更加考虑。单词情感图将用于注册情绪的变化。从饮食失调障碍客户组中进行任何重新标记的证据将根据护士人员的态度和行为报告。主要的研究问题是：涉及隐喻和故事的干预措施在帮助客户重塑其创伤叙事方面的有效性如何？次要问题包括：隐喻和讲故事的组合方法是否可以帮助人们在小组设置中安全地重新构架他们的创伤？当他们和治疗师使用和抗拒的陈述和故事的范围时，在客户中启发了什么认知变化？语言还需要什么？该项目将产生广泛的影响，从而使学者和从业人员有助于理论理解，以理论理解比喻和故事如何帮助重塑创伤叙事。希望这些发现将通过创造性的隐喻干预影响和改善心理计划的设计和实施。