How did the evolution of plants, microbial symbionts and terrestrial nutrient cycles change Earth's long-term climate?

植物、微生物共生体和陆地养分循环的进化如何改变地球的长期气候？

• 批准号: NE/S009663/1
• 负责人: Benjamin Mills
• 金额: $ 78.72万
• 依托单位: University of Leeds
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2019 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FS009663%2F1
• 关键词: How; did; evolution; plants; microbial

The Phanerozoic Eon (the last 540 million years) encompasses the evolutionary history of land plants from the initial colonization of the land through to forests and flowering plants. Earth's climate has undergone major changes over this timeframe, but it remains uncertain whether these changes were primarily driven by revolutions in the terrestrial biosphere, or by tectonic factors such as volcanic degassing of CO2. Resolution of this question lies at the heart of our understanding of how our planet operates, but the ability to answer it has been hampered by a lack of representation of the terrestrial biosphere in our biogeochemical computer models. These 'deep-time' models need to be simple in order to compute very long timescales, and this limits the ability to include spatial features such as locations of rainfall, which are vital to terrestrial modelling. A perhaps more fundamental problem is the lack of understanding of the way that plant evolution has altered global chemical cycling through changes to carbon-nitrogen-phosphorus ratios in tissue, and what the contribution of fungal and microbial symbionts were to supplying key limiting nutrients. This project brings together expertise in computer science, geochemistry, ecology and plant-symbiont physiology to build a new deep-time spatial Earth system model, informed by a targeted suite of plant growth experiments and a robust literature review.Firstly, we will run laboratory experiments with early diverging plants and symbiotic nitrogen-fixing trees, with and without partnership with fungal and/or nitrogen-fixing symbionts in microcosms with controlled atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Introduction of isotopically-labeled carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus will allow us to capture the carbon-nitrogen-phosphorus stoichiometric ratios and nutrient acquisition pathways for diverse plant-symbiont partnerships across the plant phylogeny, filling significant gaps in current knowledge of these processes. These experiments will allow us to understand:a. Plant-symbiont carbon-nutrient "costs" and "benefits" in terms of plant-fixed carbon and symbiont-acquired nutrient gainsb. How ecological stoichiometry and nutrient acquisition pathways vary across the land plant phylogenyc. Relationships between species, symbiont and mineral weathering ratesSecond, we will develop our new Earth system model. Here we will build on the framework of the 'COPSE' model (Carbon Oxygen Phosphorus Sulphur Evolution), which is arguably the most complete predictive 'deep time' box model in the literature, and which PI Mills has had a key role in developing over the last decade. A prototype fast spatial land surface module has been developed utilizing matrices in MATLAB and in this project we will couple the spatial land surface module to COPSE. This will allow us to build a dynamical representation of the evolving terrestrial biosphere, based both on our laboratory experiments and on literature vegetation models. This model will map the flows of phosphorus, nitrogen and carbon through the terrestrial system over geological timescales. Comparison of model outputs with multiple independent geochemical proxies will allow us to explore (1) how plant evolution and the development of symbiotic partnerships feeds back on Earth's climate; (2) the key evolutionary events that occurred through time and whether they can explain prominent CO2 drawdown events, such as during the Ordovician and Cenozoic; and, (3) the relative roles of the terrestrial biosphere vs. tectonics in controlling Earth's climatic history.Beyond the immediate results, the hybrid model we create will bridge the gap between box modelling of global geochemistry and true paleoclimate general circulation modelling, providing a useful tool for the community to further extend and employ.

显生宙（过去的 5.4 亿年）涵盖了陆地植物的进化史，从最初的陆地殖民到森林和开花植物。地球气候在这段时间内经历了重大变化，但仍不确定这些变化主要是由陆地生物圈的革命驱动的，还是火山脱气等构造因素驱动的。解决这个问题是我们理解地球如何运作的核心，但由于我们的生物地球化学计算机模型缺乏对陆地生物圈的描述，回答这个问题的能力受到了阻碍。这些“深度时间”模型必须简单，才能计算很长的时间尺度，这限制了包含降雨位置等空间特征的能力，而这对于陆地建模至关重要。也许更根本的问题是缺乏对植物进化通过改变组织中碳氮磷比率来改变全球化学循环的方式的了解，以及真菌和微生物共生体在提供关键限制性营养物质方面的贡献。该项目汇集了计算机科学、地球化学、生态学和植物共生生理学方面的专业知识，以建立一个新的深时空间地球系统模型，并通过一系列有针对性的植物生长实验和可靠的文献综述提供信息。首先，我们将运行实验室用早期分化植物和共生固氮树进行实验，在大气二氧化碳浓度受控的微观世界中，与真菌和/或固氮共生体合作或不合作。引入同位素标记的碳、氮和磷将使我们能够捕获整个植物系统发育中不同植物-共生体伙伴关系的碳-氮-磷化学计量比和养分获取途径，填补当前对这些过程的了解的重大空白。这些实验将使我们了解：就植物固定碳和共生体获得的养分增益而言，植物共生体碳养分“成本”和“收益”b。生态化学计量和养分获取途径在陆地植物系统发育中如何变化。物种、共生体和矿物风化率之间的关系其次，我们将开发新的地球系统模型。在这里，我们将构建“COPSE”模型（碳氧磷硫演化）的框架，该模型可以说是文献中最完整的预测“深度时间”盒模型，PI Mills 在开发该模型方面发挥了关键作用。过去十年。利用 MATLAB 中的矩阵开发了原型快速空间陆地表面模块，在本项目中，我们将空间陆地表面模块与 COPSE 耦合。这将使我们能够根据实验室实验和文献植被模型建立不断演变的陆地生物圈的动态表示。该模型将绘制地质时间尺度上陆地系统中磷、氮和碳的流动图。将模型输出与多个独立的地球化学代理进行比较将使我们能够探索（1）植物进化和共生伙伴关系的发展如何反馈地球气候； (2) 随着时间的推移发生的关键演化事件以及它们是否可以解释显着的二氧化碳减少事件，例如奥陶纪和新生代期间； (3) 陆地生物圈与构造在控制地球气候历史方面的相对作用。除了直接结果之外，我们创建的混合模型将弥合全球地球化学的盒模型和真正的古气候大气环流模型之间的差距，提供社区进一步扩展和使用的有用工具。

项目成果

Exploring the Role of Cryptic Nitrogen Fixers in Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Frontier in Nitrogen Cycling Research

探索隐性固氮剂在陆地生态系统中的作用：氮循环研究的前沿

• DOI: http://dx.10.1007/s10021-022-00804-2
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Ecosystems
• 影响因子: 3.7
• 作者: Cleveland C

The rise of angiosperms strengthened fire feedbacks and improved the regulation of atmospheric oxygen.

被子植物的兴起加强了火反馈并改善了大气氧气的调节。

• DOI: http://dx.10.1038/s41467-020-20772-2
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Nature communications
• 影响因子: 16.6
• 作者: Belcher CM

Tradeoffs and Synergies in Tropical Forest Root Traits and Dynamics for Nutrient and Water Acquisition: Field and Modeling Advances

热带森林根系特征和养分和水获取动态的权衡和协同作用：现场和建模进展

• DOI: 10.3389/ffgc.2021.704469
• 发表时间: 2021-12-02
• 作者: D. Cusack;S. Addo;E. Agee;K. Andersen;M. Arnaud;S. Batterman;F. Brearley;Mark Ciochina;A. Cordeiro;C. Dallstream;Milton H. Díaz‐Toribio;Lee H. Dietterich;J. Fisher;K. Fleischer;Claire Fortunel;Lucia Fuchslueger;Nathaly R. Guerrero‐Ramírez;M. Kotowska;L. F. Lugli;C. Marín;L. A. McCulloch;J. Maeght;D. Metcalfe;R. Norby;R. Oliveira;J. Powers;Tatiana Reichert;Stuart W. Smith;Chris M. Smith‐Martin;F. Soper;Laura Toro;M. Umaña;O. Valverde‐Barrantes;M. Weemstra;Lel;K. Werden;M. Wong;Cynthia L Wright;S. Wright;Daniela Yaffar
• 通讯作者: Daniela Yaffar

Devonian paleoclimate and its drivers: A reassessment based on a new conodont d18O record from South China

泥盆纪古气候及其驱动因素：基于华南牙形刺d18O新记录的重新评估

• DOI: http://dx.10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103814
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Earth-Science Reviews
• 影响因子: 12.1
• 作者: Chen B

Stepwise Earth oxygenation is an inherent property of global biogeochemical cycling.

逐步地球氧化是全球生物地球化学循环的固有特性。

• DOI: http://dx.10.1126/science.aax6459
• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: Science (New York, N.Y.)
• 作者: Alcott LJ