Degradation of Odour signals by air pollution: chemical Mechanisms, plume dynamics and INsect-Orientation behaviour (DOMINO)

空气污染导致的气味信号退化：化学机制、羽流动力学和昆虫定向行为 (DOMINO)

• 批准号: NE/P001971/2
• 负责人: Eiko Nemitz
• 金额: $ 1.29万
• 依托单位: UK CENTRE FOR ECOLOGY & HYDROLOGY
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2019 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FP001971%2F2
• 关键词: Degradation; Odour; signals; air; pollution

This project will investigate the mechanisms by which air pollution can disrupt vital airborne chemical signals that insects use for critical processes, such as mating or finding a flower, and will evaluate the ecological consequences of this phenomenon.Air pollution is a global issue that regularly hits the front pages of newspapers. Despite tough legislation, pollution levels in many areas remain above the legal limits. For example, multiple locations in London breached annual limits for the traffic-produced gas nitrogen dioxide within the first week of January 2016. Exceeding these limits not only poses major risks for human health, but also leads to substantial EU imposed fines for the UK. In developing nations the problem can be even greater. For example, in December 2015 China issued its second ever "red alert" for air pollution in Beijing, resulting in restrictions on vehicle use and the closure of schools. Air pollution, however, is not limited to large industrialised cities. Rural areas are also regularly exposed to pollution transported from cities and major roadways and are increasingly impacted by ozone pollution due to both a rise in the global background and regular weather-induced episodic ozone peaks often referred to as ozone bubbles. One such episode was triggered during the August 2003 heat wave and is thought to have resulted in 2139 deaths in England and Wales.Concerns over public health have driven current efforts to reduce air pollution, but there is strong evidence to suggest that the health of plants and insects are also at risk. The honey bee for example, finds food by following the unique blend of volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted by flowers. However, we and others have recently demonstrated in laboratory experiments that common air pollutants, such as diesel exhaust and ozone, can disrupt these floral odours, but we do not yet understand what consequences this might have in the real-world. Nonetheless, it is clear that any disruption to these signals may have wide ranging and as yet unquantified impacts on the important ecosystem services they provide, such as pollination (estimated to be $361bn globally and £691m in the UK) and pest-regulation ($417bn globally).This project will result in a step-change in our knowledge of this subject by radically advancing our conceptual understanding of how air pollution interacts with the VOCs that many insects rely on to communicate and interact with their environment. Initially we will conduct studies to provide comprehensive evidence of how a range of key air pollutants (nitrogen dioxide, nitrate radicals and ozone) in isolation and in combination, react and interact with a series of selected VOCs, which function as either floral attractants or pheromones. We will then establish which products of these reactions a pair of model insects, the silver y moth and the buff-tailed bumblebee, are capable of detecting. Next, we will for the first time measure how degradation occurs spatially within odour plumes at time scales relevant to atmospheric mixing processes and insect navigation. Finally, we will use these data to: (i) quantify the effects of diesel exhaust (a major contributor to nitrogen dioxide pollution) and ozone pollution on the ability of male moths to locate females and pollinators to locate and pollinate flowers in field studies; and (ii) establish the effects of odour degradation in the plume on in-flight orientation behaviour of moths flying to the selected VOCs in a wind tunnel. This will provide us with a significantly advanced erudition of the mechanisms by which pollutants can degrade volatile odours used by insects and the effects that this has on insect behavioural ecology and the vital ecosystem service of pollination.

该项目将调查空气污染可以破坏昆虫用于关键过程（例如交配或找到花朵）的重要空气中的化学信号的机制，并将评估这种现象的生态后果。空气污染是一个全球性的问题，它定期打击了报纸的前页。尽管法律艰难，但许多领域的污染水平仍然高于法律限制。例如，伦敦的多个地点在2016年1月的第一周内违反了交通生产的二氧化碳二氧化碳的年度限制。超过这些限制不仅对人类健康构成了重大风险，而且还导致欧盟对英国罚款。在发展中国家中，问题可能会更大。例如，2015年12月，中国发布了北京空气污染的第二次“红色警报”，从而限制了车辆使用和关闭学校的限制。但是，空气污染不仅限于大型工业化城市。农村地区还经常暴露于从城市和主要道路上运输的污染，由于全球背景的上升和正常天气引起的臭氧峰通常被称为臭氧气泡，因此越来越受臭氧污染的影响。在2003年8月的热浪中触发了一个这样的事件，被认为导致英格兰和威尔士的2139人死亡。公共卫生的关注促进了目前努力减少空气污染的努力，但有强有力的证据表明，植物和昆虫的健康也处于危险之中。例如，蜂蜜蜜蜂通过遵循鲜花发射的挥发性有机化合物（VOC）的独特混合物来找到食物。但是，我们和其他人最近在实验室实验中证明了常见的空气污染物（例如柴油排气和臭氧）可能会破坏这些花香的气味，但我们尚不了解这在现实世界中可能产生什么后果。但是，很明显，对这些信号的任何干扰都可能具有广泛的范围，并且尚未对他们提供的重要生态系统服务产生无限的影响，例如授粉（估计全球占36.1亿美元，在UK中为6.91亿美元，在UK中为6.91亿美元），而PEST-PEST-CROGINATION和PEST-CREGITUTION（全球4170万美元）将在我们的范围内构成我们的知识。许多昆虫依靠的VOC来与环境进行交流和互动。最初，我们将进行研究，以综合证据表明如何隔离并结合使用一系列关键的空气污染物（二氧化氮，硝酸盐自由基和臭氧），并与一系列选定的VOC相互作用，这些VOC是花卉吸引剂或信息素。然后，我们将确定这些反应的哪些产物可以检测到一对模型昆虫，银y蛾和Buff尾的大黄蜂。接下来，我们将首次测量在与大气混合过程和绝缘导航相关的时间尺度上的空间羽流中降解方式。最后，我们将使用这些数据来：（i）量化柴油排气的影响（二氧化氮污染的主要促成者）和臭氧污染对雄性飞蛾定位女性和传粉媒介在田间研究中找到和授粉花朵的能力的能力； （ii）在羽流中建立气味降解对飞向风隧道中选定的VOC的飞蛾的机上取向行为的影响。这将为我们提供明显的先进的根除，使污染物可以降解昆虫使用的挥发性气味以及对昆虫行为生态学和授粉至关重要的生态系统的影响。

项目成果

Ozone Mitigates the Adverse Effects of Diesel Exhaust Pollutants on Ground-Active Invertebrates in Wheat

• DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.833088
• 发表时间: 2022-03
• 作者: James M. W. Ryalls;Tom Staton;N. Mullinger;Lisa M. Bromfield;B. Langford;C. Pfrang;E. Nemitz;J. Blande;R. D. Girling

A Novel Free-Air Diesel and Ozone Enrichment (Fadoe) Research Platform

新型自由空气柴油和臭氧浓缩 (Fadoe) 研究平台

• DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4635236
• 发表时间: 2023
• 作者: Mofikoya A

Supplementary Materials from Concurrent anthropogenic air pollutants enhance recruitment of a specialist parasitoid

来自并发人为空气污染物的补充材料增强了专业寄生蜂的招募

• DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.21398037
• 发表时间: 2022
• 作者: Ryalls J

Mapping the effects of ozone pollution and mixing on floral odour plumes and their impact on plant-pollinator interactions.

绘制臭氧污染和混合对花香羽流的影响及其对植物与传粉者相互作用的影响。

• DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122336
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: 1987)
• 作者: Langford B