Evolutionary rise of deep-rooting forests and enhanced chemical weathering: Quantitative investigations into the current paradigm

深根森林的进化崛起和化学风化的增强：对当前范式的定量研究

• 批准号: NE/J00815X/1
• 负责人: John Marshall
• 金额: $ 14.91万
• 依托单位: University of Southampton
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2012 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FJ00815X%2F1
• 关键词: Evolutionary; rise; deep; rooting; forests

The co-evolution and geographical spread of trees and deep-rooting systems is widely proposed to represent the 'Devonian engine' of global change that drove the weathering of soil minerals and biogeochemical cycling of elements to exert a major influence on the Earth's atmospheric CO2 history. If correct, this paradigm suggests the evolutionary appearance of forested ecosystems through the Devonian (418-360 Myr ago) constitutes the single most important biotic feedback on the geochemical carbon cycle to emerge during the entire 540 Myr duration of the Phanaerozoic. Crucially, no link has yet been established between the evolutionary advance of trees and their geochemical impacts on palaeosols. Direct evidence that one has affected the other is still awaited, largely because of the lack of cross-disciplinary investigations to date.Our proposal addresses this high level 'earth system science' challenge. The overarching objective is to provide a mechanistic understanding of how the evolutionary rise of deep-rotting forests intensified weathering and pedogenesis that constitute the primary biotic feedbacks on the long-term C-cycle. Our central hypothesis is that the evolutionary advance of trees left geochemical effects detectable in palaeosols as forested ecosystems increased the quantity and depth of chemical energy transported into the soil through roots, mycorrhizal fungi and litter. This intensified soil acidification, increased the strength of isotopic and elemental enrichment in surface soil horizons, enhanced the weathering of Ca-Si and Ca-P minerals, and the formation of pedogenic clays, leading to long-term sequestration of atmospheric CO2 through the formation of marine carbonates with the liberated terrestrial Ca. We will investigate this research hypothesis by obtaining and analysing well-preserved palaeosol profiles from a time sequence of localities in the eastern North America through the critical Silurian-Devonian interval that represents Earth's transition to a forested planet. These palaeosol sequences will then be subjected to targeted geochemical, clay mineralogical and palaeontological analyses. This will allow, for the first time, the rooting structures of mixed and monospecific Mid-Devonian forests to be directly linked to palaeosol weathering profiles obtained by drilling replicate unweathered profiles. Weathering by these forests will be compared with the 'control case' - weathering by pre-forest, early vascular land plants with diminutive/shallow rooting systems from Silurian and lower Devonian localities. These sites afford us the previously unexploited ability to characterize the evolution of plant-root-soil relationships during the critical Silurian-Devonian interval, whilst at the same time controlling for the effects of palaeogeography and provenance on palaeosol development. Applying geochemical analyses targeted at elements and isotopes that are strongly concentrated by trees at the surface of contemporary soils, and which show major changes in abundance through mineral weathering under forests, provides a powerful new strategy to resolve and reconstruct the intensity and depth of weathering and pedogenesis at different stages in the evolution of forested ecosystems. The project is tightly focused on "improving current knowledge of the interaction between the evolution of life and the Earth", which represents one of the three high level challenges within NERC's Earth System Science Theme.

树木和深度根系的共同进化和地理传播被广泛提议代表全球变化的“泥盆纪发动机”，这推动了土壤矿物质的风化和元素的生物地球化学循环，以对地球大气二氧化碳的历史产生重大影响。如果正确的话，该范式表明，森林生态系统通过泥盆纪（418-360 MYR AGO）的进化出现构成了地球化学碳循环的最重要的生物反馈，可以在整个540年的phanaerogic ration中出现。至关重要的是，在树木的进化前进及其对古代物质的地球化学影响之间尚未建立任何联系。直接证据表明一个人已经影响了另一个人，这主要是由于迄今为止缺乏跨学科的调查。总体目标是提供机械理解，以了解深沟森林的进化兴起如何加强风化和修养，这构成了长期C循环的主要生物反馈。我们的中心假设是，随着森林生态系统的数量和深度增加了通过根部通过根，菌根真菌和垃圾散发到土壤中的化学能的数量和深度，树木的进化前进左将可检测到古化学效应。这种强化的土壤酸化，提高了表面土壤中的同位素和元素富集的强度，增强了Ca-Si和Ca-P矿物的风化，以及形成的山脚植物，从而通过释放的陆地陆生物形成了大气中的息肉二氧化碳。我们将通过从北美东部地区的时间顺序获得和分析保存完好的古代曲线，通过代表地球过渡到森林行星的临界时间，来研究这一研究假设。然后，这些古代序列将进行靶向地球化学，粘土矿物学和古生物学分析。这将首次允许混合和单特异性中部森林的生根结构直接与通过钻孔复制不受欢迎的轮廓获得的古代风化轮廓直接相关。这些森林的风化将与“对照案例”进行比较 - 森林前的早期血管陆地植物的风化，其具有较小/浅的生根系统来自志留纪和下泥盆纪地区。这些站点为我们提供了以前未开发的能力，可以表征关键的志留纪 - devonian间隔期间植物 - 根土生关系的演变，同时控制着古地理学和出处对古溶质发展的影响。应用针对元素和同位素的地球化学分析，这些分析是由树木在当代土壤表面强烈集中的，并且通过森林下的矿物风化显示了丰度的重大变化，为森林森林森林Ecossysts的不同阶段的不同阶段而言，可以解决一个有力的新策略，以解决环境的强度和深度。该项目紧密集中于“改善生命与地球演变之间相互作用的当前知识”，这代表了NERC的地球系统科学主题中的三个高层挑战之一。

项目成果

Provincial Devonian spores from South China, Saudi Arabia and Australia

• DOI: 10.1016/j.revmic.2016.10.003
• 发表时间: 2017-07
• 期刊: Revue de Micropaléontologie
• 作者: J. Marshall;J. Marshall;Huaicheng Zhu;C. Wellman;C. M. Berry;Yi Wang;Honghe Xu;P. Breuer

Phylogenetic and environmental context of a Tournaisian tetrapod fauna

• DOI: 10.1038/s41559-016-0002
• 发表时间: 2017-01-01
• 期刊: NATURE ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION
• 影响因子: 16.8
• 作者: Clack, Jennifer A.;Bennett, Carys E.;Walsh, Stig A.
• 通讯作者: Walsh, Stig A.

Devonian and Early Carboniferous coals and the evolution of wetlands ????????? ? ???????????????????? ???? ? ???????? ???????? ?????

泥盆纪和早石炭世煤与湿地的演化?????????

• DOI: 10.19110/2221-1381-2019-10-12-15
• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: Vestnik of Institute of Geology of Komi Science Center of Ural Branch RAS
• 作者: Marshall J

Lycopsid forests in the early Late Devonian paleoequatorial zone of Svalbard

• DOI: 10.1130/g37000.1
• 发表时间: 2015-12-01
• 期刊: GEOLOGY
• 影响因子: 5.8
• 作者: Berry, Christopher M.;Marshall, John E. A.
• 通讯作者: Marshall, John E. A.