Flow and fragmentation of melts and magmas: developing a unified view through experimental, numerical and field investigations.

熔体和岩浆的流动和破碎：通过实验、数值和现场研究形成统一的观点。

• 批准号: MR/W009781/1
• 负责人: Thomas Jones
• 金额: $ 169.92万
• 依托单位: Lancaster University
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Fellowship
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2022 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=MR%2FW009781%2F1
• 关键词: Flow; fragmentation; melts; magmas; developing

Ten percent of the world's population (i.e. 100s of millions) live within 100 km of an active volcano. Furthermore, this number is set to rise with the increasing global population and growing demand for natural resources. When volcanoes erupt, they can behave effusively, explosively, or in a combination of both. Effusive activity produces lava flows and toxic gases, whereas explosive activity involves the breakage (fragmentation) of magma, dispersing molten droplets and, when the fragmentation is efficient, lethal ash clouds/flows that can travel several kilometres. Thus, the eruption style (effusive vs. explosive) directly controls the type, spatial footprint and magnitude of the hazard and therefore risk to populations. Thus, establishing the style of activity is of utmost importance to civil protection and hazard mitigation worldwide. Understanding eruption styles, particularly their transitions, ultimately allows us to predict eruption behaviour, perform accurate hazard assessments, protect local communities and better understand resultant deposits that can be of econnomic value.To determine the eruptive style of any volcano, we need to know how and when the magma breaks. There is a well-established theory for understanding the breakage of thick (high viscosity) magma, but this knowledge cannot be applied to runny (low viscosity) magmas. We do not currently understand how low viscosity magmas break and therefore cannot predict eruption style and accurately inform civil protection and hazard mitigation. This knowledge gap is particularly significant because the eruption of low viscosity magmas is the most frequent and volumetrically abundant form of volcanism on Earth, and on other planets. In this Future Leaders Fellowship, I will lead a team to fill this gap and provide the first quantification of how runny (low viscosity) magmas containing bubbles and/or crystals break. This key information, currently missing, will ultimately enable us to predict whether a volcano will erupt explosively or effusively. This goal will be achieved through a multidisciplinary and multicomponent approach, combining world-unique experiments developed in my lab, numerical modelling, field studies and novel community engagement methods. Scaled novel laboratory experiments will pull apart pure liquids (analogue melts) and mixtures of liquid, bubbles and/or particles (analogue magmas) at conditions relevant to natural volcanic eruptions. High-speed filming will record the stretching process and identify if, and how the liquid breaks. This will enable me to 'map out' the eruption conditions that lead to magma flow (effusive) or fragmentation (explosive). This 'behaviour map' will be the first of its kind that can be applied to bubble- and crystal-bearing magmas worldwide. Synthesis of these new experimental results with magma flow physics will allow me to produce a numerical model that will be able to forecast eruption style (effusive vs. explosive). Throughout the research, these outputs will be designed with volcano observatories to best support their operational use.To enhance the impact and reach of my work, I will deploy field techniques at Tseax volcano, British Columbia, Canada. Tseax is ~320 years old and represents the deadliest eruption in Canadian history, having resulted in the deaths of up to 2000 people and destroyed at least three Nisga'a First Nation villages. The volcano erupted low viscosity magma and crossed the explosive-effusive transition multiple times. Integration of field studies with the experimental results will uncover what caused the fatal explosive-effusive transitions. Bilateral exchange with the Nisga'a First Nation will integrate oral stories with scientific research to produce outreach materials that enthuse, engage and develop resilience in the community. My aim is that my novel approach could be used as a model to support other (Indigenous) communities affected by natural hazards worldwide.

世界人口的百分之十（即数百万人）居住在距活火山 100 公里范围内。此外，随着全球人口的增加和对自然资源需求的增长，这一数字还将继续上升。当火山喷发时，它们的表现可能是热情洋溢、爆炸性的，或两者兼而有之。喷发活动会产生熔岩流和有毒气体，而爆炸活动则涉及岩浆破碎（碎裂）、分散熔滴，当碎裂有效时，会产生致命的火山灰云/火山灰流，可传播数公里。因此，喷发类型（喷发与爆炸）直接控制危害的类型、空间足迹和严重程度，从而控制对人群的风险。因此，建立活动方式对于全世界的公民保护和减灾至关重要。了解喷发类型，特别是它们的转变，最终使我们能够预测喷发行为，进行准确的危害评估，保护当地社区并更好地了解具有经济价值的沉积物。要确定任何火山的喷发类型，我们需要知道如何当岩浆破裂时。有一个完善的理论来理解厚（高粘度）岩浆的破碎，但这种知识不能应用于流动（低粘度）岩浆。我们目前不了解低粘度岩浆如何破裂，因此无法预测喷发类型并准确地为民防和减灾提供信息。这种知识差距尤其重要，因为低粘度岩浆的喷发是地球和其他行星上最频繁且体积最丰富的火山活动形式。在这个未来领袖奖学金中，我将带领一个团队填补这一空白，并首次量化含有气泡和/或晶体的流动（低粘度）岩浆如何破裂。目前缺失的这一关键信息最终将使我们能够预测火山是否会爆发性喷发或喷发。这一目标将通过多学科和多组成部分的方法来实现，结合我实验室开发的世界独特的实验、数值建模、实地研究和新颖的社区参与方法。规模化的新颖实验室实验将在与自然火山喷发相关的条件下分解纯液体（模拟熔体）和液体、气泡和/或颗粒的混合物（模拟岩浆）。高速拍摄将记录拉伸过程并确定液体是否破裂以及如何破裂。这将使我能够“绘制”导致岩浆流动（喷流）或碎裂（爆炸）的喷发条件。这张“行为地图”将是第一个可应用于全球含气泡和晶体岩浆的同类地图。这些新的实验结果与岩浆流物理学的综合将使我能够生成一个能够预测喷发类型（喷发与爆炸）的数值模型。在整个研究过程中，这些输出将与火山观测站一起设计，以最好地支持其业务使用。为了增强我工作的影响力和范围，我将在加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省的 Tsax 火山部署现场技术。 Tseax 火山已有约 320 年历史，是加拿大历史上最致命的火山喷发，导致多达 2000 人死亡，并摧毁了至少三个尼斯加原住民村庄。火山喷发低粘度岩浆，多次跨越爆发-喷流过渡区。现场研究与实验结果的结合将揭示导致致命的爆炸-喷发转变的原因。与尼斯加原住民的双边交流将把口头故事与科学研究结合起来，制作出能够激发社区活力、参与并培养社区复原力的外展材料。我的目标是，我的新颖方法可以用作支持全球受自然灾害影响的其他（土著）社区的模型。

项目成果

The evolution of Martian fissure eruptions and their plumbing systems

火星裂缝喷发及其管道系统的演化

• DOI: http://dx.10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118382
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: Earth and Planetary Science Letters
• 影响因子: 5.3
• 作者: Pieterek B

Transport and eruption of mantle xenoliths creates a lagging problem

地幔捕虏体的运输和喷发造成了滞后问题

• DOI: http://dx.10.1038/s43247-023-00843-0
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: Communications Earth & Environment
• 影响因子: 7.9
• 作者: Russell J