Extreme Climatic Events in the Oceans: Towards a mechanistic understanding of ecosystem impacts and resilience

海洋极端气候事件：对生态系统影响和复原力的机械理解

基本信息

批准号：
MR/S032827/1
负责人：
Daniel Smale
金额：
$ 128.86万
依托单位：
Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Fellowship
财政年份：
2020
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2020 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=MR%2FS032827%2F1
关键词：
Extreme Climatic Events Oceans Towards

项目摘要

Never before in recorded human history have there been as many extreme climatic events as in the past decade, and anthropogenic climate change is now recognised as a major contributor to this trend. Droughts, floods, cyclones, cold snaps and heat waves are all linked through Earth's climate systems and can have significant ecological and socio-economic impacts on land and in the oceans. Despite growing appreciation of the importance of discrete, extreme events in determining ecosystem structure the vast majority of knowledge stems from terrestrial research, even though marine ecosystems play a central role culturally, socially and economically in the lives of most people. Marine ecosystems provide a myriad of ecological goods and services, including nutrient cycling, food and other resources, biogenic coastal defence and climate regulation, all of which have substantial socioeconomic value. Coral reefs, seagrass meadows and temperate kelp forests are particularly valuable in terms of capital generated from recreation, fishing activities, coastal defence and biodiversity, and contribute trillions of pounds to the global economy each year. In the UK alone, the estimated direct economic value of marine biodiversity exceeds £20 billion per year. In marine environmental research, much attention has been given to ocean acidification and, more recently, plastic pollution, yet there is a strong argument to suggest that extreme warming events (i.e. 'marine heatwaves' (MHWs)) pose an even greater risk to ecosystems. In the past decade alone, MHWs have devastated entire ecosystems and severely affected fisheries, aquaculture, food webs and carbon cycling. The frequency and duration of MHWs has increased significantly in recent decades and is predicted to increase throughout the 21st Century, as a consequence of anthropogenic climate change. Despite the unequivocal importance of MHWs in structuring ecosystems, our current understanding of their impacts remains poor. Knowledge of responses to MHWs stems from only a few events, such as the 1998 El Niño episode, the Mediterranean MHW of 2003 and the 2011 warming event off Western Australia. The 2011 MHW off Western Australia, for example, resulted in major shifts in benthic ecosystem structure in a tropical-temperate transition zone, by causing widespread mortality of cool-water habitat forming species. This project will address critical knowledge gaps in marine climate change ecology. It will synthesise existing information on ecological responses to MHWs and use a novel analytical approach to conduct a global-scale analysis of their impacts. The project will also carry out a range of experiments and surveys to examine how key organisms and processes are affected by MHWs with differing physical attributes. Finally, predictions of future patterns and impacts of MHWs will be made, based on physical and ecological modelling techniques. This project will significantly advance understanding of the impacts of extreme climatic events in the global ocean and will be of direct relevant to climate change mitigation and adaptation, as society must safeguard valuable coastal marine ecosystems against increased climatic stress in the coming decades.

在有记载的人类历史上，从来没有像过去十年那样发生过如此多的极端气候事件，而人为气候变化现在被认为是造成这一趋势的一个主要因素。地球的气候系统可能对陆地和海洋产生重大的生态和社会经济影响，尽管人们越来越认识到离散的极端事件在决定生态系统结构方面的重要性，但绝大多数知识都来自陆地研究，甚至是陆地研究。尽管海洋生态系统在大多数人的生活中在文化、社会和经济方面发挥着核心作用，但海洋生态系统提供了无数的生态产品和服务，包括养分循环、食物和其他资源、生物海岸防御和气候调节。珊瑚礁、海草草甸和温带海藻森林在休闲、渔业活动、海岸防御和生物多样性方面产生的资本特别有价值，仅在英国每年就为全球经济贡献数万亿英镑。据估计，海洋生物多样性的直接经济价值每年超过 200 亿英镑。在海洋环境研究中，人们对海洋酸化和最近的塑料污染给予了很多关注，但有强有力的论据表明极端变暖事件（即“仅在过去十年中，海洋热浪就对生态系统造成了更大的风险，并严重影响了渔业、水产养殖、食物网和碳循环。近几十年来，由于人为气候变化，MHW 显着增加，预计在整个 21 世纪还会增加。尽管 MHW 在构建生态系统方面具有明确的重要性，但我们目前对其影响的了解仍然很少。仅来自少数几个事件，例如 1998 年的厄尔尼诺事件、2003 年的地中海 MHW 以及 2011 年西澳大利亚海域的变暖事件。例如，2011 年西澳大利亚海域的 MHW 导致热带-温带过渡区的底栖生态系统结构发生重大变化，导致形成冷水栖息地的物种普遍死亡。该项目将解决海洋气候变化生态学方面的关键知识空白。它将综合有关MHW生态反应的现有信息，并使用一种新颖的分析方法对其影响进行全球范围的分析。该项目还将进行一系列实验和调查，以研究关键生物体和过程如何受到MHW的影响。最后，将根据物理和生态建模技术对 MHW 的未来模式和影响进行预测，这将极大地促进对全球海洋极端气候事件影响的理解，并将具有直接相关性。气候变化即将到来，社会必须保护宝贵的沿海海洋生态系统免受几十年来日益增加的气候压力。

项目成果

期刊论文数量（10）

专著数量（0）

科研奖励数量（0）

会议论文数量（0）

专利数量（0）

Another Decade of Marine Climate Change Experiments: Trends, Progress and Knowledge Gaps

DOI：
10.3389/fmars.2021.714462
发表时间：
2021-08-30
期刊：
FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE
影响因子：
3.7
作者：
Bass, Alissa;Wernberg, Thomas;Smale, Dan
通讯作者：
Smale, Dan

Multiple-scale interactions structure macroinvertebrate assemblages associated with kelp understory algae

DOI：
10.1111/ddi.13140
发表时间：
2020-07-28
期刊：
DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS
影响因子：
4.6
作者：
Bue, Mathilde;Smale, Dan A.;Moore, Pippa J.
通讯作者：
Moore, Pippa J.

Niche and neutral assembly mechanisms contribute to latitudinal diversity gradients in reef fishes

DOI：
10.1111/jbi.14237
发表时间：
2021-08-15
期刊：
JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY
影响因子：
3.9
作者：
Bosch, Nestor E.;Wernberg, Thomas;Tuya, Fernando
通讯作者：
Tuya, Fernando

Development and Diversity of Epibiont Assemblages on Cultivated Sugar Kelp (Saccharina latissima) in Relation to Farming Schedules and Harvesting Techniques.

DOI：
10.3390/life13010209
发表时间：
2023-01-11
期刊：
LIFE-BASEL
影响因子：
3.2
作者：
Corrigan, Sophie;Brown, A. Ross;Tyler, Charles R.;Wilding, Catherine;Daniels, Carly;Ashton, Ian G. C.;Smale, Dan A.
通讯作者：
Smale, Dan A.

Quantifying habitat provisioning at macroalgal cultivation sites