Greasing endocytosis in plants - understanding the role of S-acylation in receptor kinase function and internalisation

植物中的润滑内吞作用 - 了解 S-酰化在受体激酶功能和内化中的作用

• 批准号: BB/Y003756/1
• 负责人: Piers Hemsley
• 金额: $ 69.76万
• 依托单位: University of Dundee
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2024
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2024 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FY003756%2F1
• 关键词: Greasing; endocytosis; plants; understanding; role

Receptor kinases are proteins that act as the primary means by which plants perceive physical signals in their extracellular environment. This includes pathogenic and beneficial microbes, the state of the plant's own cell wall and various plant hormones. As a result, receptor kinases are critical to controlling how plants balance resource allocation during growth, trading resistance to pathogens against seed yield or vegetative productivity. Given their powerful ability to control and balance how plants respond to their environment it is no surprise that they are very tightly regulated and controlled. Part of this regulation involves ensuring that receptor kinases that have perceived a signal are removed from the plant surface after a period of time to allow for measured and graded environmental monitoring and integration of competing perception events, rather than a single stimulation event overwhelming the plant. This is achieved through a process known as endocytosis whereby proteins on the outer edge of the cell are internalised and destroyed. This requires a number of events including the "tagging" of the proteins with another protein known as ubiquitin. This marks the tagged protein for endocytosis. We recently discovered that another modification of receptor kinases affects endocytosis. This modification, known as S-acylation, involves adding fatty acids to receptor kinases once they have perceived a stimulus. We found that S-acylation is essential for correct action by a receptor and is necessary for appropriate endocytosis. Loss of S-acylation actually causes more rapid endocytosis through an unknown route and, as a result, leads to poor signal strength and ineffective response to the stimulus. In this work we want to understand why loss of S-acylation causes more rapid endocytosis, what dictates that receptor S-acylation will occur and the route of internalisation taken by receptors that can't be S-acylated. This will help us to understand how receptor kinase signalling is regulated to deliver appropriate responses to the external environment. Receptor kinases are the frontline of how plants perceive their world; understanding how receptor kinases function could therefore be key towards supporting breeding and transgenic approaches to improve pathogen resistance, plant growth and yield or environmental or climate challenge such as drought, flooding, high or low temperature or salinity.

受体激酶是蛋白质，是植物在其细胞外环境中感知物理信号的主要手段。这包括致病和有益的微生物，植物自己的细胞壁和各种植物激素的状态。结果，受体激酶对于控制植物在生长过程中如何平衡资源分配，对病原体的抗性与种子产量或营养生产力的抗性至关重要。鉴于他们能够控制和平衡植物如何应对环境的能力，因此他们受到非常严格的监管和控制也就不足为奇了。该法规的一部分涉及确保在一段时间后从植物表面上去除信号的受体激酶，以允许测量和分级的环境监测和竞争感知事件的整合，而不是单个刺激事件使植物压倒了植物。这是通过一种称为内吞作用的过程来实现的，在该过程中，在细胞外边缘的蛋白质被内化和破坏。这需要许多事件，包括蛋白质的“标记”，另一种称为泛素的蛋白质。这标志着标记的蛋白质用于内吞作用。我们最近发现，受体激酶的另一种修饰会影响内吞作用。这种称为S酰化化的修饰涉及一旦感知刺激，将脂肪酸添加到受体激酶中。我们发现S酰基化对于受体的正确作用至关重要，对于适当的内吞作用是必要的。 S酰基化的丧失实际上会通过未知途径引起更快的内吞作用，因此，信号强度差，对刺激的反应无效。在这项工作中，我们想了解为什么S酰基化的损失会导致更快的内吞作用，这决定了受体S-酰基化的发生以及无法被S酰基的受体所采取的内在化途径。这将有助于我们了解受体激酶信号如何调节以对外部环境提供适当的反应。受体激酶是植物如何看待世界的前线。因此，了解受体激酶的功能如何成为支持繁殖和转基因方法的关键，以改善病原体的耐药性，植物生长和产量，环境或气候挑战，例如干旱，洪水，高温或低温或盐度。