Apple Replant Disease (ARD) Evolution and Rootstock Interaction (ARDERI)

苹果重植病 (ARD) 进化和砧木相互作用 (ARDERI)

• 批准号: BB/M01777X/2
• 负责人: Xiangming Xu
• 金额: $ 37.61万
• 依托单位: National Institute of Agricultural Botany
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2016 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FM01777X%2F2
• 关键词: Apple; Replant; Disease; ARD; Evolution

Replant disease is a widely recognized problem in apples and other rosaceous species, such as cherries, plums, strawberries and roses. Apple replant disease (ARD) is the problem of new apple trees failing to thrive when planted in soil where apples have previously grown. Historically, many causes have been proposed to explain this disorder such as accumulation of pesticides and the release of volatile toxins from decomposing roots. However, current scientific consensus focuses on a mix of specialist root-rotting pathogenic microorganisms, comprised of fungus-like "water moulds" and true fungi (degrading root tissues) and microscopic eelworms (providing easy points of infection when they feed). Surviving affected trees typically fruit later in life and, over their lifetime, produce less fruit of reduced quality. These compound effects result in a loss of profitability of up to 50% in commercial orchards. Modern production systems involve much higher tree density (up to 30x greater) and faster replacement cycles exacerbating the ARD problem. Furthermore, extreme environmental events such as flooding often lead to tree death requiring gaps to be replanted in young orchards. ARD is an even more significant problem for the nurseries that raise the trees, affecting their production of rootstocks (root system in a commercial tree) as well as the health of the finished tree, after the fruit-bearing variety (scion) is grafted. Commercial rootstock varieties are selected mainly for their effects on tree vigour and precocity. They also affect orchard performance on particular soil types and resistance to pests and diseases including ARD but the underlying reasons for differences in rootstock susceptibility to replant and the legacy effect of different rootstock genotypes on the subsequent severity of ARD are poorly understood.On-going changes to agri-chemical registration procedures and environmental pollution regulations continue to reduce the options for effective chemical control traditionally used to manage ARD. This means that growers will be reliant on more costly management options including sterilization of soil with steam (currently uneconomical), rotation with stone fruit trees or other unrelated crops or encouraging beneficial soil microbes by adding various compost-like conditioners to soil. A clear grasp on the organisms involved in ARD and their common pathogenic mechanisms is essential to develop financially-viable management strategies. Rootstock choice will become an increasingly important component of an integrated approach to ARD management; thus better understanding of the interactions between rootstocks and the microbe populations across different soil types in relation to ARD development is urgently needed. East Malling Research (EMR) has a worldwide reputation for the development and characterisation of apple rootstocks. In collaboration with UK, Dutch and Belgian tree nurseries, apple breeders, and UK apple growers, we propose to provide the apple growing industry with detailed information about the interactions between rootstocks, soil and microorganisms that will enable development of new management strategies for ARD and direct future rootstock breeding programmes for improved tolerance to ARD. The main scientific discoveries will be 1) relationship of the relative abundance of ARD components with soil properties, microbial population and rootstocks, 2) Elucidation of rootstock - soil biota interactions and their effects on root and shoot architecture and growth in terms of ARD development, and 3) clarification of the legacy effect of different rootstock genotypes on ARD. This will benefit one of the UK's major horticultural industries by providing new opportunities for disease management to increase yield efficiency and reduce on-farm food wastage. As a result, the UK consumers will continue to enjoy the health benefits conferred by one of our most popular home-produced fruits.

在苹果和其他玫瑰花质中，种植疾病是一个广泛认可的问题，例如樱桃，李子，草莓和玫瑰。苹果元素疾病（ARD）是新苹果树在苹果以前种植的土壤中未能繁殖的问题。从历史上看，已经提出了许多原因来解释这种疾病，例如农药的积累以及从分解根中释放挥发性毒素。然而，当前的科学共识集中于专业根源根源的致病微生物的混合，包括真菌样的“水霉”和真正的真菌（降解根组织）和微观的鳗鱼虫（喂养时可轻松感染点）。幸存的受影响的树木通常在生命的晚些时候果实，并且一生中产生的质量降低的果实较少。这些复合效应导致商业果园中最高50％的盈利能力损失。现代生产系统涉及更高的树木密度（高达30倍），更快的替换周期加剧了ARD问题。此外，诸如洪水之类的极端环境事件通常会导致树死亡，需要在年轻的果园中补充差距。对于养育树木的苗圃而言，ARD是一个更加重要的问题，影响了它们的生产茎（商业树中的根系）以及成品树的健康（在果实含有水果的品种（Scion）之后。商业砧木品种主要是为了对树木活力和早熟的影响而选择。它们还会影响果园对特定土壤类​​型的表现以及对害虫和疾病的抵抗力，包括ARD，但根本原因在砧木易感性重新种植的敏感性以及不同砧木基因型对随后的ARD严重程度的遗产效应以及对ARD的后续严重程度的遗留效果。对农业化学注册程序和环境污染的范围内的不断变化，以降低了对化学污染的限制。这意味着种植者将依靠更昂贵的管理选择，包括用蒸汽对土壤进行灭菌（目前是不经济的），用石果树或其他不相关的农作物旋转，或者通过在土壤中添加各种堆肥状的护发素来鼓励有益的土壤微生物。对参与ARD的生物及其常见的致病机制清晰掌握对于制定经济可行的管理策略至关重要。 Rootstock的选择将成为综合方法管理方法的越来越重要的组成部分；因此，迫切需要更好地理解砧木与微生物种群之间与ARD发展相关的微生物种群之间的相互作用。 East Malling Research（EMR）在苹果砧木的发展和表征方面享有全球声誉。通过与英国，荷兰和比利时树苗圃，苹果育种者和英国苹果种植者合作，我们建议为苹果生长的行业提供有关砧木，土壤和微生物之间相互作用的详细信息，这些信息将使ARD的新管理策略和直接直接的Rootstock繁殖计划开发出来，以提高对ARD的耐受性。主要的科学发现将是1）ARD成分与土壤特性，微生物种群和根stocks的相对丰度的关系，2）阐明砧木 - 土壤Biota相互作用及其对根和射击体系结构的影响以及ARD发育的影响以及3）阐明了不同根基基因类对ARD的遗产效应。这将通过为疾病管理提供新的机会来提高产量效率并减少农场粮食浪费，从而使英国主要的园艺产业之一受益。结果，英国消费者将继续享受我们最受欢迎的家居水果之一赋予的健康益处。

项目成果

Candidate Causal Organisms for Apple Replant Disease in the United Kingdom

• DOI: 10.1094/pbiomes-11-18-0050-r
• 发表时间: 2018
• 作者: E. Tilston;G. Deakin;Julie M. Bennett;T. Passey;N. Harrison;Flora J. M. O’Brien;F. Fernández-Fernández-F.-Fernández-Fernández-1401161427;Xiangming Xu

Spatial structuring of soil microbial communities in commercial apple orchards.

• DOI: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2018.05.015
• 发表时间: 2018-09
• 期刊: Applied soil ecology : a section of Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
• 作者: Deakin G;Tilston EL;Bennett J;Passey T;Harrison N;Fernández-Fernández F;Xu X
• 通讯作者: Xu X

A review of the current knowledge of apple replant disease

苹果重植病害现状认识综述

• 发表时间: 2019
• 作者: Xu X-M

The Effect of Rotating Apple Rootstock Genotypes on Apple Replant Disease and Rhizosphere Microbiome

• DOI: 10.1094/pbiomes-03-19-0018-r
• 发表时间: 2019-01-01
• 期刊: PHYTOBIOMES JOURNAL
• 影响因子: 4.4
• 作者: Deakin, Greg;Fernandez-Fernandez, Felicidad;Xu, Xiangming
• 通讯作者: Xu, Xiangming

Effect of fungal, oomycete and nematode interactions on apple root development in replant soil

重植土壤中真菌、卵菌和线虫相互作用对苹果根系发育的影响

• DOI: 10.1186/s43170-020-00014-7
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: CABI Agriculture and Bioscience
• 作者: Tilston E