MycoRhizaSoil: Combining wheat genotypes with cultivation methods to facilitate mycorrhizosphere organisms improving soil quality and crop resilience

MycoRhizaSoil：将小麦基因型与栽培方法相结合，促进菌根际生物改善土壤质量和作物恢复力

基本信息

批准号：
BB/L026066/1
负责人：
Jonathan Leake
金额：
$ 89.49万
依托单位：
University of Sheffield
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2014
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2014 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FL026066%2F1
关键词：
MycoRhizaSoil Combining wheat genotypes cultivation

项目摘要

Loss of soil organic matter content and soil macroaggregates (crumbs) as a result of arable cultivation reduces soil water and nutrient holding capacity and are major global constraints on crop yields and efficient use of fertilizer. In the UK wheat yield have not increased over nearly 20 years due to interactions between genetic, environment and management constraints. Modern wheat breeding has focussed on selection for disease resistance and increasing yield and quality of the grain, without consideration of other traits that can influence soil quality and ultimately, the long-term sustainabilty of soil. Soil erosion is a major global problem exacerbated by ploughing, loss of soil organic matter and the macroaggregates that hold soil together against water and wind erosion. One of the most important functional groups of organisms that are involved in stabilizing soil macroaggregates and contributing to soil organic matter storage are symbiotic fungi called mycorrhizas that receive sugars from plant roots in return for providing nutrients and water to the plants. We have recently shown that some modern wheat varieties have limited or no ability to form mycorrhizal symbiosis, and members of our consortium were amongst the first to show that conventional arable farming reduces the diversity and functioning of these symbionts. Loss of these symbionts and their functioning is thought to be contributory to loss of soil quality, both directly through effects on soil organic matter and soil structure, and indirectly though reductions in defences against pathogens which are induced by the symbiosis and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria that are thought to act synergistically with mycorrhizas.MycoRhizaSoil will determine the crucial roles mycorrhiza and co-associated soil microorganisms play in maintaining soil structure and organic matter content, which are required for high yields, and directly addresses for the first time the benefits of selecting wheat genotypes and less intensive management to enhance the functional benefits of these crop-microbe interactions to deliver lower input, more sustainable and resilient wheat production. Our approach combines laboratory and field based research using wheat lines that differ in mycorrhiza-forming capacity but are otherwise genetically very similar, selected over 500 lines of wheat bred from two parents that differed in mycorrhiza-forming ability. The laboratory-based research will resolve the mechanistic basis of mycorrhiza-induced systemic defenses to important root and shoot pathogens that cause major yield losses of wheat in the UK and globally. In a series of sequential field trials using the selected wheat lines we will determine the extent to which artificial inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi, the temporary conversion of crop land to grassland (to restore mycorrhiza) and adoption of no-tillage leads to improvements in soil quality and crop resilence to drought, excess water and native diseases compared to wheat grown conventionally with annual tillage. Our agenda-setting research programme identifies a new set of targets for optimising plant breeding and arable management for sustainable wheat production. Our ambitious ultimate goal is to provide the scientific evidence to evaluate the benefits of simultaneously reducing the need for ploughing (one of the most fossil-fuel demanding farm operations and one of the most damaging to soil conservation and sustainability) and increasing the activities of beneficial soil microorganisms through wheat genotype selection. In combination we predict these approaches will increase the storage of soil organic carbon in the surface soil, help restore water-stable macroaggregates and increase crop resilience to climate stress (too much and too little water) and diseases.

土壤有机物含量和土壤大型聚集体（CRUMB）的丧失，由于耕作降低了土壤水和养分的持有能力，并且是农作物产量和有效使用肥料的主要全球限制。在英国，由于遗传，环境和管理限制之间的相互作用，在近20年内，小麦产量并没有增加。现代小麦育种的重点是选择抗病性，谷物的产量和质量提高，而没有考虑其他会影响土壤质量的特征，最终是土壤的长期可持续性。土壤侵蚀是耕作，土壤有机物的损失以及将土壤固定在水和风侵蚀中的大型聚集体加剧的全球主要问题。与土壤有机物储存的稳定土壤和促进土壤的最重要的生物官能团之一是共生真菌，称为菌根，可从植物根中接收糖，以换取为植物提供养分和水的回报。我们最近表明，某些现代小麦品种有限或没有形成菌根共生的能力，而我们的财团成员是第一个表明常规农业养殖降低这些共生体的多样性和功能的人之一。 Loss of these symbionts and their functioning is thought to be contributory to loss of soil quality, both directly through effects on soil organic matter and soil structure, and indirectly though reductions in defences against pathogens which are induced by the symbiosis and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria that are thought to act synergistically with mycorrhizas.MycoRhizaSoil will determine the crucial roles mycorrhiza and共同相关的土壤微生物在维持土壤结构和有机物含量方面发挥了作用，这是高产所需的，并且首次直接解决了选择小麦基因型和较少强化管理的好处，以增强这些农作物 - 微生物相互作用的功能益处，以提供较低的投入，更可持续和弹性的小麦生产。我们的方法结合了实验室和基于现场的研究，使用菌根形成能力有所不同但在遗传上非常相似的小麦系和基于现场的研究结合，选择了来自两个父母的500条小麦育种，这些小麦的形成能力有所不同。基于实验室的研究将解决菌根诱导的系统防御的机理基础，以在重要的根和射击病原体上，这在英国和全球造成严重的小麦产量损失。在一系列使用选定的小麦线的顺序野外试验中，我们将确定与菌根真菌的人工接种程度，将作物土地临时转化为草原（以恢复粘液菌）的临时转化，并采用无耕作，从而导致土壤质量和农作物质量的改善，并与多余的水和本地疾病相比，与麦型疾病相比，与麦芽糖杂志相比，与麦芽糖息息相关。我们的议程制定研究计划确定了一套新的目标，以优化植物育种和可耕作的管理以进行可持续的小麦生产。我们雄心勃勃的最终目标是提供科学证据，以评估同时减少耕作需求的好处（这是最需要化石燃料苛刻的农业运营之一，也是对土壤保护和可持续性最大的损害），并增加了通过惠特基因型选择的有益土壤微生物的活动。结合起来，我们预测这些方法将增加土壤有机碳在地面土壤中的储存，有助于恢复水稳定的大型大聚集体，并增加农作物对气候压力（过多和太少水）和疾病的弹性。