Geographical Projections: Lantern slides, science and popular geography, 1860-1960

地理投影：灯笼幻灯片、科学和通俗地理学，1860-1960 年

• 批准号: AH/I024542/1
• 负责人: James Ryan
• 金额: $ 6.91万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF EXETER
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Training Grant
• 财政年份: 2011
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2011 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FI024542%2F1
• 关键词: Geographical; Projections; Lantern; slides; science

In recent years scholars have shown the significance of visual technologies - including museums, lectures, exhibitions and photography - in the making of scientific knowledge. Studies have considered, for example: how visual evidence in maps, drawings and photographs was used to create authority within science; the roles of photography in the making and dissemination of geographical and anthropological knowledge; and debates over photographic evidence within nineteenth-century science. Little scholarly attention, however, has been paid to the widespread use of glass lantern slides from the 1860s in the creation, circulation and collection of forms of scientific knowledge. From the 1860s onwards lantern slide shows became hugely popular forms of entertainment and education, catering to an increasing hunger for visual imagery (particularly photographs) in the age of empire, mass communication, science and modernity. Many lantern slides, from amateur makers and professional studios, catered in some way to the taste amongst Western audiences for photographs of exotic sites and scenes. While some scholars have begun to examine the social, aesthetic and technological aspects of lantern slides, few have considered their significance as forms of popular geography, and scant attention has been paid to how slides were actually made, circulated and displayed within networks of geographical science and education. This collaborative doctoral project, between the University of Exeter and the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG) (RGS-IBG), focuses on the RGS-IBG collection of lantern slides. While much of the collection has been cleaned, catalogued and conserved, no detailed, critical research has yet been done on this significant archive of (approximately 20,000) slides. This collaborative research project, focusing on the unique RGS-IBG collections, will examine the place of lantern slides within geographical institutions, ideas and practices, from their beginnings in the 1860s to their decline in the next century in the face of competition from film and 35mm slides. The overall aim of the project is to locate geographical lantern slides within their wider cultural, historical and setting in order to better understand their attractions and attendant meanings. In particular, the project aims to examine how lantern slides were used to make and communicate geographical knowledge to different audiences; to locate lantern slides within wider settings of science, commerce and entertainment; to examine how lantern slides were actually used as objects as well as how they were viewed as projected images. Analysing lantern slides alongside associated records, correspondence and contemporary publications (focusing on RGS-IBG archives but also using parallel UK collections), the project will explore how lantern slides were employed to convey particular forms of geographical information, how they circulated within geographical circles and how different audiences responded to them. It will also consider how technology and location affected audiences' attitudes, perceptions and expectations. In the process this doctoral research will contribute to debates across various academic fields including the history of technology; historical and cultural geography; history and sociology of science; visual culture and cultural history. This research project also has strong potential to impact on other audiences. It will work with RGS-IBG staff to generate better knowledge and understanding of the RGS-IBG lantern slide collection, and potentially to develop further projects of research and impact. Through planned dissemination strategies, including displays, presentations and publication (including contribution to the Geographical Magazine, and on-line material) the project will open up this unique visual archive to wider audiences, including RGS-IB

近年来，学者们表明了视觉技术的重要性 - 包括博物馆，讲座，展览和摄影 - 在制作科学知识中的重要性。例如，研究考虑了：如何使用地图，图纸和照片中的视觉证据来创造科学的权威；摄影在地理和人类学知识的创造和传播中的作用；并就19世纪科学中的摄影证据进行了辩论。然而，很少有学术的关注对1860年代的玻璃灯笼幻灯片的广泛使用，从而创造，循环和收集科学知识的形式。从1860年代开始，灯笼幻灯片展示成为极为流行的娱乐和教育形式，可满足帝国，大众传播，科学和现代性时代的视觉图像（尤其是照片）的渴望。从业余制造商和专业工作室的许多灯笼幻灯片，以某种方式迎合了西方观众之间的品味，以拍摄异国情调的景点和场景的照片。尽管一些学者已经开始研究灯笼幻灯片的社会，美学和技术方面，但很少有人认为它们是流行地理的形式，并且很少关注幻灯片在地理科学和教育网络中的实际制作，分发和展示的方式。埃克塞特大学与皇家地理学会（与IBG）（RGS-IBG）之间的合作博士项目重点介绍了RGS-IBG灯笼幻灯片集合。尽管大部分收藏馆都已清理，分类和保存，但尚未对这个重大档案（约20,000张）幻灯片进行详细的批判性研究。该协作研究项目的重点是独特的RGS-IBG收藏，将研究灯笼幻灯片在地理机构，思想和实践中，从1860年代的开始到下一世纪的衰落，面对电影和35mm幻灯片的竞争。该项目的总体目的是在其更广泛的文化，历史和环境中找到地理灯笼幻灯片，以便更好地了解他们的吸引力和随之而来的含义。特别是，该项目旨在研究如何使用灯笼幻灯片将地理知识与不同受众传达。在更广泛的科学，商业和娱乐环境中找到灯笼幻灯片；检查如何实际使用灯笼幻灯片以及如何将它们视为投影图像。该项目将分析灯笼幻灯片与相关记录，信函和当代出版物（重点关注RGS-IBG档案，也是使用平行的英国收藏品），该项目将探讨如何使用灯笼幻灯片来传达特定形式的地理信息，如何传达它们在地理圈中如何流传以及如何在地理圈中流传以及如何对其响应它们。它还将考虑技术和位置如何影响受众的态度，看法和期望。在此过程中，该博士研究将有助于包括技术历史在内的各个学术领域的辩论；历史和文化地理；科学的历史和社会学；视觉文化和文化历史。该研究项目还具有影响其他受众的强大潜力。它将与RGS-IBG员工合作，以产生对RGS-IBG灯笼幻灯片收集的更好的知识和理解，并有可能开发进一步的研究和影响项目。通过计划的传播策略，包括展示，演示和出版物（包括对地理杂志和在线材料的贡献），该项目将为包括RGS-IB在内的广泛观众打开这个独特的视觉档案