EFFECTS OF ACID AEROSOLS AND OZONE ON URBAN POPULATIONS

酸性气溶胶和臭氧对城市人口的影响

• 批准号: 2155097
• 负责人: Douglas W Dockery
• 金额: $ 114.43万
• 依托单位: HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1993
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1993-05-01 至 1998-04-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/2155097
• 关键词: acids; aerosols; air sampling /monitoring; chronic disease /disorder; disease /disorder proneness /risk; emergency health services; environmental toxicology; hospital utilization; human mortality; human old age (65+); human subject; low socioeconomic status; middle childhood (6-11); ozone; photochemistry; pollution related respiratory disorder; respiratory disorder diagnosis; respiratory disorder epidemiology; respiratory function; sign /symptom; spirometry; statistics /biometry; urban area; young adult human (21-34)

While the last two decades have seen substantial controls placed on sources of air pollution emissions, ambient outdoor concentrations have not shown commensurate reductions. In particular, the secondary pollutants produced by photochemical reactions in the atmosphere (including oxidants, e.g. ozone, acid aerosols, e.g. sulfuric acid, and gaseous acids, e.g. nitric acid) have been increasing in the eastern United States. Epidemiologic studies of populations in rural and suburban areas have suggested adverse respiratory health effects associated with these pollutants, including acute and chronic increases in respiratory illness in children and reduced pulmonary function. The effects of these exposures on urban populations, particularly economically disadvantaged individuals, have not been investigated. The Environmental Protection Agency is undertaking a comprehensive monitoring program to characterize urban exposure to acid aerosols and other photo-chemical pollutants in five major eastern cities, one per year, over the next five years. Sampling will begin in Philadelphia in April 1992, with the remaining four cities still to be named. We propose to conduct four separate epidemiologic studies of the health effects of these pollutants in each of the five urban areas: first, a cross-- sectional study of the association of respiratory symptom reporting and pulmonary function of elementary school children with mean air pollution exposures upwind, downwind and in the central city; second, a repeated measures study of the association of changes in peak flow and respiratory symptom reporting in a panel of children with episodes of summer haze air pollution; third, a time-series study of the association of emergency room visits with daily air pollution concentrations; and fourth, a time-series study of the association of daily cause-specific mortality with ambient air pollution concentrations. Individually these studies win provide city-specific estimates of the health effects of these secondary pollutants. Taken together they provide information on the coherence of such associations from increased mortality, to emergency room visits, chronic respiratory illness, and acute, possibly reversible, changes in lung function. Separately, the robustness of these findings will be evaluated across the five urban areas.

虽然过去二十年来看到了大量控制 空气污染排放的来源，环境室外浓度具有 未显示相称的减少。 特别是次要 由光化学反应在大气中产生的污染物 （包括氧化剂，例如臭氧，酸性气溶胶，例如硫酸和 气酸，例如硝酸已经在东部增加 美国。 农村人口的流行病学研究 郊区提出了不良呼吸健康影响 与这些污染物相关，包括急性和慢性增加 儿童呼吸道疾病和肺功能降低。 这 这些暴露对城市人口的影响，特别是 尚未对经济不利的人进行调查。 这 环境保护局正在进行全面的监控 表征城市暴露于酸性气溶胶和其他的计划 东部五个主要城市的照片化学污染物，每年一个 在接下来的五年中。 抽样将于4月在费城开始 1992年，其余四个城市仍有要命名。 我们建议 进行四个单独的流行病学研究 这些五个城市地区的每个污染物：首先，十字架 - 呼吸道症状报告和 具有平均空气污染的小学儿童的肺功能 向上风，下风和中央城市曝光；第二，重复 量度研究峰流量和呼吸道变化的关联 症状在一个夏季雾霾空气发作的儿童小组中报告 污染;第三，紧急协会协会的时间序列研究 每天的空气污染浓度与房间探访；第四，a 每日特定原因死亡率关联的时间序列研究 具有环境空气污染浓度。 单独进行这些研究 胜利提供针对这些健康影响的城市特定估计 次要污染物。 总之，他们提供了有关的信息 从死亡率增加到紧急的这种关联的连贯性 室访，慢性呼吸系统疾病和急性，可能可逆， 肺功能的变化。 单独，这些发现的鲁棒性 将在五个城市地区进行评估。