EFFECTS OF ACID AEROSOLS AND OZONE ON URBAN POPULATIONS

酸性气溶胶和臭氧对城市人口的影响

• 批准号: 2155097
• 负责人: Douglas W Dockery
• 金额: $ 114.43万
• 依托单位: HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1993
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1993-05-01 至 1998-04-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/2155097
• 关键词: acids; aerosols; air sampling /monitoring; chronic disease /disorder; disease /disorder proneness /risk; emergency health services; environmental toxicology; hospital utilization; human mortality; human old age (65+); human subject; low socioeconomic status; middle childhood (6-11); ozone; photochemistry; pollution related respiratory disorder; respiratory disorder diagnosis; respiratory disorder epidemiology; respiratory function; sign /symptom; spirometry; statistics /biometry; urban area; young adult human (21-34)

While the last two decades have seen substantial controls placed on sources of air pollution emissions, ambient outdoor concentrations have not shown commensurate reductions. In particular, the secondary pollutants produced by photochemical reactions in the atmosphere (including oxidants, e.g. ozone, acid aerosols, e.g. sulfuric acid, and gaseous acids, e.g. nitric acid) have been increasing in the eastern United States. Epidemiologic studies of populations in rural and suburban areas have suggested adverse respiratory health effects associated with these pollutants, including acute and chronic increases in respiratory illness in children and reduced pulmonary function. The effects of these exposures on urban populations, particularly economically disadvantaged individuals, have not been investigated. The Environmental Protection Agency is undertaking a comprehensive monitoring program to characterize urban exposure to acid aerosols and other photo-chemical pollutants in five major eastern cities, one per year, over the next five years. Sampling will begin in Philadelphia in April 1992, with the remaining four cities still to be named. We propose to conduct four separate epidemiologic studies of the health effects of these pollutants in each of the five urban areas: first, a cross-- sectional study of the association of respiratory symptom reporting and pulmonary function of elementary school children with mean air pollution exposures upwind, downwind and in the central city; second, a repeated measures study of the association of changes in peak flow and respiratory symptom reporting in a panel of children with episodes of summer haze air pollution; third, a time-series study of the association of emergency room visits with daily air pollution concentrations; and fourth, a time-series study of the association of daily cause-specific mortality with ambient air pollution concentrations. Individually these studies win provide city-specific estimates of the health effects of these secondary pollutants. Taken together they provide information on the coherence of such associations from increased mortality, to emergency room visits, chronic respiratory illness, and acute, possibly reversible, changes in lung function. Separately, the robustness of these findings will be evaluated across the five urban areas.

尽管过去二十年对 空气污染排放源，室外环境浓度有 没有显示出相应的减少。 特别是，二级 大气中光化学反应产生的污染物 （包括氧化剂，例如臭氧，酸性气溶胶，例如硫酸，以及 气态酸，例如硝酸）在东部地区不断增加 美国。 农村人口流行病学研究 郊区显示对呼吸道健康有不利影响 与这些污染物有关，包括急性和慢性增加 儿童呼吸道疾病和肺功能下降。 这 这些暴露对城市人口的影响，特别是 经济上处于弱势的个人，尚未被调查。 这 环保局正在进行全面监测 描述城市暴露于酸性气溶胶和其他物质的计划 东部五大城市光化学污染物每年1次， 未来五年。 采样将于四月在费城开始 1992年，其余四个城市仍有待命名。 我们建议 对健康影响进行四项独立的流行病学研究 这些污染物在五个城市地区的每一个地区：首先，交叉—— 呼吸道症状报告与相关性的分段研究 空气污染程度低的小学生肺功能 逆风、顺风和市中心的暴露；第二，重复 峰值流量变化与呼吸之间关系的测量研究 夏季雾霾天气儿童小组的症状报告 污染;三、突发事件关联时间序列研究 每日空气污染浓度的房间访问；第四，一个 每日特定原因死亡率关联的时间序列研究 与环境空气污染浓度。 这些研究单独 win 提供针对特定城市的健康影响的估计 二次污染物。 总的来说，它们提供了有关以下方面的信息： 从死亡率增加到紧急情况这些关联的一致性 病房就诊、慢性呼吸道疾病和急性的、可能可逆的、 肺功能的变化。 另外，这些发现的稳健性 将对五个城市地区进行评估。