The Social Structure of Gentry Community from Eleventh- to Thirteenth century England

十一至十三世纪英国士绅共同体的社会结构

• 批准号: 13610455
• 负责人: TSURUSHIMA Hirokazu
• 金额: $ 1.86万
• 依托单位: Kumamoto University
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 2001
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 2001 至 2003
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-13610455/
• 关键词: England; Kent; the long-eleventh century; Latin Christendom; thegn; knight; gentry; the community of the shire; アイデンティティ; 地域; 11世紀; 海民; corrody

John Gillingham designates the years from 990s to 1130s as ‘the long-eleventh century'. He finds out the birth of gentry in this period. Peter Coss criticizes the the eleventh-century origin of English gentry in his great book. In this project I have researched the realities of the community of the gentry, that is, ‘the society of the good men', from eleventh- to thirteenth century Kent from such points of view as family, community, vassalage, memory and written record, and the settlement of dispute.Since George Duby, the long-eleventh century has been said to see the origin of the monogamic family. David Bates verifies the process of the transformation from the amorphous kin-group, referring to the diffusion of toponymics from 1040 to 1060. That is the birth of locality.In England the usage of toponymics has been ‘vaguely felt' absent. To Sir James Holt, an Anglo-Saxon toponymic usually leads to a village', different from a Norman toponymic, which leads to 'a lordship or castle'. Howe … More ver, ‘the toponymics applied, albeit sporadically and rarely, to English thegns, do not indicate mere. residence in a rural community, but the lords who owned the estates of which those communities were composed.'The word gentry stems from ‘gentrice', good men in birth. The characteristics, which people attributed to this word, never lost to the last, are as follows : (1).It is a local landowner and a territorial elite. (2).It has a collective identity with its locality, specially with the county. (3).It relates to a public authority and has a chance to participate in local royal governance. In short, a gentry is a type of lesser nobility and this status group was formed by the king's local governance. Their realities varied from time to time and from place to place according to differences in kingship and local governmental structure. Therefore we must go upstream of the history of gentry as far as the source of the locality.Sharing the memories, they were good men to the kings as well as to the country. It was the meetings that gave substance and contour to the county. It was good men who took part in the settlement of local disputes and preserved collective memories. We find the birth of the society of good men in the beginning of the long-eleventh century. Through the twelfth century, in the thirteenth century when the sense of community of realm appeared, they called themselves `the knights and gentry of the community of Kent' and in legal sense the community of the shire was formed. It was they that made England unique in the European History. Less

约翰·吉林汉姆 (John Gillingham) 将 90 年代到 1130 年代称为“漫长的十一世纪”。彼得·科斯 (Peter Coss) 在他的著作中批评了英国绅士的起源。从家庭、社区、自乔治·杜比以来，据说漫长的十一世纪见证了一夫一妻制家庭的起源，他提到了从无定形的亲属群体转变的过程。地名学从 1040 年到 1060 年的传播。这就是地方性的诞生。在英国，詹姆斯·霍尔特爵士“隐约感觉到”地名学的使用并不存在。盎格鲁-撒克逊地名通常指向一个村庄”，这与诺曼地名不同，诺曼地名指向“领主或城堡”。 “gentry”这个词源于“gentrice”，即天生的好人，人们从来没有赋予这个词以特征。最后失去的，如下： (1).它是当地的土地所有者和领土精英 (2).它与它的地方，特别是与县有关 (3).它与公众有关。简言之，士族是一种小贵族，是由国王对地方的治理而形成的，其现实情况因时、地而异。因此，我们必须在王权和地方政府结构中。追溯士绅的历史，直至当地的源头。分享记忆，他们对国王和国家来说都是好人，正是这些会议赋予了县城实质和轮廓，这很好。我们发现，好人社会在漫长的十一世纪初、十三世纪就诞生了。境界出现了，他们称之为他们自己是“肯特社区的骑士和绅士”，从法律意义上来说，郡的社区是由他们组成的，使英格兰在欧洲历史上独一无二。