Comparative ecology of primates in West Africa

西非灵长类动物的比较生态学

• 批准号: 63043045
• 负责人: SUGIYAMA Yukimaru
• 金额: $ 0.77万
• 依托单位: Kyoto University
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Overseas Scientific Research
• 财政年份: 1987
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1987 至 1988
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-63043045/
• 关键词: chimpanzee; ecology; tool-using behavior; patas monkey; savannna monkey; 採食生態

The data obtained from field studies in 1987 at Bossou, Guinea, Kala Maloue National Park and Campo Animal Reserve, Cameroon have been analyzed and partly published. Summary of the result in each study area was described below.Guinea team studied on population dynamics, tool-using behavior, sexual behavior, and other social behaviors of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, near Guinea-Liberia border. The group of chimpanzees have been studied since 1976 without artificial feeding, so that the long term data are available. New data on population dynamics was given through the death of a young male chimpanzees. Some other cases of natural death of the chimpanzees of the group in the past were clarified. The body size of the dead chimpanzee was smaller than that of reared chimps in the same age. Experimental and observational studies on tool-using, oil-palmnut cracking with natural stone hammers and anvils, revealed flexibility and optimality in the behavior: the chimps easily use substitutable ma … More terials (woods) when stones were not available; they conveyed both stones and palm-seeds; they preferred particular size of stones and particular oldness of palm-nuts; the role of stones was not fixed. We also recorded the use of secondary (meta) tool and the traces of ant dipping which had not been recorded in the Bossou chimps. Our study revealed chimpanzee's high ability of recognition supporting various tool-using behavior, and suggested fruitful result by linking ecology with psycology. Our study on sexual behavior focused on the relationship between female sexual cycles and the number of males. The estorus cycles of female chimpanzees were synchronized when males were sufficient, and not when insufficient. Adaptational switching according to the amount of male resources was suggested. The analysis on the cause for chimpanzee fission-fusion are now undergoing. It will be clarified the relation between fission-fusion and food availability; role playing and social contexts, and so on.Comparative feeding ecology of monkeys living in the savanna-grassland in Kala Maloue was carried out for patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) and savanna monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops). These savanna adapted species were revealed to be different in feeding and ranging behavior as follows. Patas monkeys ranged mainly in grassland, home range was about 6 km^2, and daily travel distance was about 6 km during dry season. On the contrary, savanna monkeys ranged mainly in riverine forest, sometimes in grassland. Home range was only about 1 km^2, and daily travel distance was about 2 km. Both species fed mainly on fruits of several woody plant, seeds, flowers and gum of Acacia trees. In addition, patas monkeys ate insects (e.g., grasshoppers, weevils and lavaes of unidentified insects) as well as meet (chickens, lizards). On the other hand, savanna monkeys sometimes ate insects but hardly did meet. Instead of this, they fed on blades of several herbaceous plant at riverside. These differences in thier diet may affect the protein intake in the two species. As a result, larger protein intake of patas monkeys may enable them to breed in dry season.Social structure and tool-using behavior of chimpanzees were studied of Campo through artificial feeding since 1985. Some chimpanzees could be observed from inside of the blind at the artificial feeding site during this study period. Most of chimpanzees which came into the feeding site were alone or in small parties of two individuals, occasionally four or more, nine in maximum, containing both sexes of adults and immatures. Sugiyama reported tool-using behavior of chimpanzees in Campo Reserve in 1985. In this study, additional data on the characteristics of termite mound digging sticks were collected. The frequency and the seasonality of termite digging was also studied. Several species of plant seemed to be chosen as the material of digging sticks, and the frequency of termite digging behavior was very low. Less

从1987年在Bossou，几内亚，Kala Maloue国家公园和Campo Animal Reserve，喀麦隆的现场研究获得的数据已被分析并部分出版。下面描述了每个研究领域的结果的摘要。在豚鼠边境附近的Bossou上研究了人口动态，使用工具行为，性行为和其他野生黑猩猩的社交行为的Guina团队。自1976年以来，就研究了一群黑猩猩，没有人工喂养，因此可以使用长期数据。通过一名年轻的男性黑猩猩去世，给出了有关人口动态的新数据。过去澄清了该小组黑猩猩自然死亡的其他一些案例。死去的黑猩猩的体型比同龄年龄的黑猩猩小。关于使用天然石制锤和砧座的刀具裂纹的实验性和观察性研究，揭示了行为的灵活性和最佳性：黑猩猩在没有石头时很容易使用可取代的Ma…更多的terials（树林）；他们传达了石头和棕榈种子。他们更喜欢特定的石头和特定的棕榈果实。石头的作用没有固定。我们还记录了次级（meta）工具的使用和尚未记录在bossou黑猩猩中的蚂蚁浸入痕迹。我们的研究揭示了Chinamzee的高度识别能力，支持各种工具的行为，并通过将生态学与Psycology联系起来提出了富有成果的结果。我们关于性行为的研究集中在女性性周期与男性数量之间的关系上。雌性黑猩猩的发情循环在雄性足够时被同步，而在不足时也不是同步。建议根据男性资源的数量进行适应性切换。现在正在进行有关中国裂变融合原因的分析。它将澄清裂变融合与食物的可用性之间的关系；角色扮演和社交环境，等等。这些稀树草原适应的物种在喂养和范围的行为中被发现不同。 Patas Monkeys主要在草原上，家居范围约为6 km^2，在干旱季节，每日旅行距离约为6公里。相反，稀树草原猴子主要在河林，有时在草原上。家庭范围仅约1 km^2，每天的旅行距离约为2公里。这两种物种主要以几种木本植物，种子，花朵和相思树的口香糖的果实喂食。此外，昆虫（例如，未识别的昆虫的鳞茎，象鼻虫和熔岩）和相遇（鸡，蜥蜴）的patas猴子。另一方面，稀树草原有时在昆虫上，但几乎没有相遇。他们没有这样做，而是用河滨的几种草本植物的叶片喂食。这些饮食中的这些差异可能会影响这两种物种的蛋白质摄入。结果，较大的patas猴蛋白质摄入量可能使它们能够在干旱季节繁殖。自1985年以来，通过人工喂养研究了社会结构和conco的工具使用行为。在本研究期间，可以从人工喂养地点的盲人中观察到一些黑猩猩。进入喂养地点的大多数黑猩猩都是单独的，或者在两个人的小聚会中，偶尔有四个或更多，最大的九个或更多，其中包含成人和不合情的性别。 Sugiyama于1985年报道了黑猩猩在Campo Reserve中使用工具的行为。在这项研究中，收集了有关白蚁丘挖棒的其他数据。白蚁挖掘的频率和季节性也进行了研究。似乎选择了几种植物作为挖掘棍棒的材料，而白蚁挖掘行为的频率非常低。较少的