Collaborative Research: Using behavioral, computational, and neural approaches to understand correction of first impressions.

协作研究：使用行为、计算和神经方法来理解第一印象的纠正。

• 批准号: 2049090
• 负责人: Melissa Ferguson
• 金额: $ 24.98万
• 依托单位: Yale University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2021-01-01 至 2024-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2049090&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Using; behavioral; computational

Developing correct impressions of others is critical in many situations, including medical, legal, and interpersonal. It is sometimes hard to get past one’s initial positive or negative impressions of other people, even when new information is learned about them. Psychological science has shown that people pay a lot of attention to other’s initial behaviors and draw conclusions about those individuals based on those initial behaviors. For example, meeting someone who is being rude to another person may quickly lead to forming a negative impression. Even if people behave differently later on, and in different circumstances, it can be hard to move past those original feelings. Often, the first information people learn about another person might be false to begin with. This can happen through mistaken interpretations of someone’s behavior, false news or misinformation, learning information out of context, or through gossip or rumors. These issues are of particular importance when making important decisions regarding activities such as college admissions, hiring, promotion, and assessing patients and clients in medicine and law. These kinds of impressions have the potential to influence behavior, and so it is important to understand how these kinds of impressions can be corrected. This project examines people’s ability to accurately learn about the world around them, and when and how new information changes pre-existing impressions and beliefs. Understanding when and how people change their minds about other people is critically important for understanding how to correct biased assumptions. The information gained from this research will help illuminate how decision-makers integrate new information about individuals, such as patients, criminal suspects, clients, and job applicants, into their overall impressions. This project focuses on two main theoretical questions about how people correct their impressions of other people. One question is whether updating of impressions occurs through “reconsolidation” versus “contextualization”. Reconsolidation occurs when new information that contradicts a first impression is integrated into the original information, such that the original memory is changed and is no longer recalled (i.e., a long-lasting change occurs). For example, when a public health official tries to correct misinformation about a current health policy, the ideal case would be that the false initial belief is completely replaced with the correct one. Contextualization, on the other hand, is when new memories are added to the original memory, and are tied to the situation in which the information was encountered. As a result, the first impression can still be activated from memory in that same situation. That is, the original memories are still retained, along with the new memories. However, they are tied to specific circumstances (e.g., she is rude at work, but polite when socializing). The second question concerns the durability of, and the time course over which, updating occurs. It is expected that updating that occurs through reconsolidation will last longer than updating that occurs through contextualization. This research tests how these processes influence person perception decisions over time. The studies examine these questions using behavioral, neuroimaging, and computational approaches. Results will have implications for models of person memory, impression formation, and persuasion. The project will contribute to a base of knowledge concerning how decision makers integrate new information about other people, with relevance to interactions with patients, criminal suspects, clients, and job applicants. This project is co-funded by the Social Psychology and the Perception, Action, and Cognition Programs.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

在许多情况下，包括医疗，法律和人际关系，对他人的正确印象至关重要。有时，即使了解有关他们的新信息，有时也很难超越别人的最初正面或负面印象。心理科学表明，人们非常关注他人的初始行为，并根据这些初始行为得出有关这些人的结论。例如，结识对另一个人无礼的人可能会迅速导致产生负面印象。即使人们以后和在不同的情况下的行为有所不同，也很难超越那些原始的感觉。通常，人们了解另一个人的第一批信息可能是错误的。这可以通过对某人的行为，虚假新闻或错误信息，从上下文中或八卦或橡皮图进行错误的解释，虚假新闻或错误信息，学习信息而发生。当在大学录取，招聘，晋升以及评估医学和法律的患者和客户等活动时，这些问题尤为重要。这类印象具有影响行为的潜力，因此重要的是要了解如何纠正这些印象。该项目探讨了人们准确了解周围世界的能力，以及新信息何时以及如何改变现有的印象和相信。了解人们何时以及如何改变对他人的主意对于理解如何纠正偏见的假设至关重要。从这项研究中获得的信息将有助于阐明决策者如何整合有关个人，犯罪嫌疑人，客户和工作应用等个人的新信息，以融入他们的整体印象中。该项目着重于有关人们如何纠正他人的印象的两个主要理论问题。一个问题是，印象的更新是否通过“重新整理”而不是“上下文化”发生。当将第一印象与原始信息集成到原始内存并不再召回的新信息时，重新整合发生（即发生持久的变化）。例如，当一位公共卫生官员试图纠正有关当前健康政策的错误信息时，理想的情况是，虚假的初始信念被正确替代。另一方面，上下文化是将新记忆添加到原始内存中的时候，并且与遇到信息的情况息息相关。结果，在同一情况下，仍然可以从内存中激活第一印象。也就是说，原始记忆仍然保留在新的回忆中。但是，它们与特定情况相关（例如，她在工作方面是粗鲁的，但社交时政治性）。第二个问题涉及发生更新的耐用性和时间过程。可以预期，通过重新合并发生的更新将持续比通过上下文化发生的更新更长。这项研究测试了这些过程如何影响人的感知决策。研究使用行为，神经影像和计算方法研究了这些问题。结果将对人记忆，印象形成和说服力的模型有影响。该项目将为决策者如何整合有关其他人的新信息以及与与患者，犯罪嫌疑人，客户和工作申请的互动有关的知识基础。该项目由社会心理学以及感知，行动和认知计划共同资助。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识分子优点和更广泛的审查标准评估来诚实地获得支持。