Collaborative Research: Understanding the impact of warming on the structure and function of marine communities

合作研究：了解变暖对海洋群落结构和功能的影响

• 批准号: 1851898
• 负责人: Janet Nye
• 金额: $ 31.06万
• 依托单位: SUNY at Stony Brook
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2019-04-01 至 2022-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1851898&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Understanding; impact; warming

Rising temperatures are impacting marine ecosystems around the world, and the rate of warming is expected to accelerate. The ecosystems in the northwest Atlantic Shelf, including in the Gulf of Maine and Mid-Atlantic Bight, have experienced some of the fastest decadal and 30 year warming rates in the historical record, and these strong warming trends were punctuated by marine heatwaves in 2012, 2016, and 2018. Most studies of climate impacts in the ocean have focused on how rising temperatures affect individual species. This project focuses on the impact of warming, both short-term events and long-term trends, on the entire ecosystem. It leverages the region's recent warming and history of consistent sampling to contrast the properties of the plankton and fish communities in the colder Gulf of Maine with the warmer Mid-Atlantic Bight. Through statistical analyses, size-based modeling, and food web modeling, this project evaluates direct and indirect influences of temperature on biological processes, community characteristics, and emergent ecosystem properties. This study characterizes composition and features of the plankton and fish communities and compares ecosystem changes across space and through time. It also isolates the direct influence of temperature on metabolism and growth from the indirect influence of temperature through changes in the oceanography. An understanding how marine ecosystems respond to warming is essential to successfully manage these ecosystems in a changing climate. The project team is actively engaged in translating knowledge into fisheries management at a regional and national level. This project also educates the next generation of citizens and scientists by expanding the ecosystem modeling activity in the Gulf of Maine Research Institute's LabVenture program, which serves ~10,000 Maine middle school students each year. An online curriculum on modeling, a topic area in the Next Generation Science Standards that many teachers find challenging is under development. The project also supports a postdoctoral researcher and a graduate student and contributes to Stony Brook University's program to encourage participation of women in the sciences.Temperature affects metabolism and growth, with most species growing faster but maturing earlier and at a smaller size in warmer conditions. This project characterizes the direct influence of temperature on fish growth patterns and incorporates this knowledge into a trait-based, size-spectrum model of a fish community. This model quantifies how changes in temperature and zooplankton composition translate into changes in size structure of the fish community. Warming causes poleward movement of species such that traditionally cooler ecosystems come to resemble warmer ecosystems of the past. This project uses a dynamic food-web model to synthesize how changes in species composition have altered the flow of energy in Gulf of Maine and Mid-Atlantic Bight ecosystems. It also quantifies the stability of these communities and their resilience to perturbations like marine heatwaves, with the expectation that gradual warming causes communities to become more diverse and thus more stable, while abrupt warming may have the opposite effect. Both components contrast the ecosystem properties in the warmer mid Atlantic with those in the cooler Gulf of Maine as well as those properties in the past with those under the recent very warm conditions. The comparative approach also untangles the direct impact of warming on organisms from the indirect effects from vertical stratification. In particular, comparing the recent thermally stratified period with the 1990s, when reduced salinity led to an abrupt, multi trophic-level community shift, make it possible to isolate the direct effects of temperature from its influence through hydrography.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

气温上升正在影响世界各地的海洋生态系统，变暖的速度预计将会加快。西北大西洋大陆架的生态系统，包括缅因湾和中大西洋湾，经历了历史记录中最快的十年和三十年变暖速度，而这些强烈的变暖趋势被 2012 年的海洋热浪打断。 2016 年和 2018 年。大多数有关海洋气候影响的研究都集中在温度上升如何影响单个物种。该项目重点研究变暖对整个生态系统的影响，包括短期事件和长期趋势。它利用该地区最近的变暖和一致采样的历史来对比较冷的缅因湾和较温暖的中大西洋湾的浮游生物和鱼类群落的特性。 通过统计分析、基于大小的建模和食物网建模，该项目评估了温度对生物过程、群落特征和新兴生态系统特性的直接和间接影响。这项研究描述了浮游生物和鱼类群落的组成和特征，并比较了生态系统在空间和时间上的变化。 它还将温度对新陈代谢和生长的直接影响与温度通过海洋学变化产生的间接影响分开。了解海洋生态系统如何应对变暖对于在气候变化的情况下成功管理这些生态系统至关重要。项目团队积极致力于将知识转化为区域和国家层面的渔业管理。该项目还通过扩大缅因湾研究所 LabVenture 项目的生态系统建模活动来教育下一代公民和科学家，该项目每年为约 10,000 名缅因州中学生提供服务。关于建模的在线课程正在开发中，这是下一代科学标准中的一个主题领域，许多教师认为具有挑战性。该项目还支持一名博士后研究员和一名研究生，并为石溪大学鼓励女性参与科学的计划做出贡献。温度影响新陈代谢和生长，大多数物种在温暖的条件下生长更快，但成熟更早，体型更小。该项目描述了温度对鱼类生长模式的直接影响，并将这些知识纳入基于性状的鱼类群落大小谱模型中。该模型量化了温度和浮游动物组成的变化如何转化为鱼类群落规模结构的变化。变暖导致物种向极地移动，使得传统上较冷的生态系统变得类似于过去较温暖的生态系统。该项目使用动态食物网模型来综合物种组成的变化如何改变缅因湾和中大西洋湾生态系统的能量流动。它还量化了这些群落的稳定性及其对海洋热浪等扰动的恢复能力，预计逐渐变暖会使群落变得更加多样化，从而更加稳定，而突然变暖可能会产生相反的效果。这两个组成部分将温暖的大西洋中部的生态系统特性与凉爽的缅因湾的生态系统特性以及过去的生态系统特性与最近非常温暖的条件下的生态系统特性进行了对比。比较方法还区分了变暖对生物体的直接影响和垂直分层的间接影响。特别是，将最近的热分层时期与 20 世纪 90 年代进行比较，当时盐度降低导致突然的多营养级群落转变，使得可以通过水文学将温度的直接影响与其影响分开。该奖项反映了 NSF 的法定使命通过使用基金会的智力优点和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，并被认为值得支持。

项目成果

Projections of physical conditions in the Gulf of Maine in 2050

2050 年缅因湾物理状况预测

• DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2020.20.00055
• 发表时间: 2021-01
• 期刊: Elementa
• 作者: Brickman, David;Alexander, Michael A.;Pershing, Andrew;Scott, James D.
• 通讯作者: Scott, James D.

Projecting ocean acidification impacts for the Gulf of Maine to 2050: New tools and expectations

预测 2050 年缅因湾海洋酸化影响：新工具和期望

• DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2020.00062
• 发表时间: 2021-01
• 期刊: Elementa
• 作者: SA Siedlecki; J Salisbury
• 通讯作者: J Salisbury

Climate impacts on the Gulf of Maine ecosystem: A review of observed and expected changes in 2050 from rising temperatures

气候对缅因湾生态系统的影响：回顾 2050 年气温上升导致的观测到和预期变化

• DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2020.00076
• 发表时间: 2021-01
• 期刊: Elementa
• 作者: Pershing, Andrew J..;Alexander, Michael A.;Brady, Damian C.;Brickman, D.;Curchitser, EN;Mills, K. E.;Nichols, OC;Pendleton, D. E.;Record, N. R.;Scott, J. D.;et al
• 通讯作者: et al

Acidification and hypoxia interactively affect metabolism in embryos, but not larvae, of the coastal forage fish Menidia menidia

酸化和缺氧交互影响沿海饲料鱼 Menidia menidia 胚胎的代谢，但不影响幼鱼

• DOI: 10.1242/jeb.228015
• 发表时间: 2020-11
• 期刊: Journal of experimental biology
• 影响因子: 2.8
• 作者: Schwemmer; T. G. Baumann
• 通讯作者: T. G. Baumann