Collaborative Research: Physical Mechanisms Driving Food Web Focusing in Antarctic Biological Hotspots

合作研究：驱动食物网的物理机制聚焦南极生物热点

• 批准号: 1745081
• 负责人: Kim Bernard
• 金额: $ 26.46万
• 依托单位: Oregon State University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2018-09-15 至 2023-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1745081&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Physical; Mechanisms; Driving

Undersea canyons play disproportionately important roles as oceanic biological hotspots and are critical for our understanding of many coastal ecosystems. Canyon-associated biological hotspots have persisted for thousands of years Along the Western Antarctic Peninsula, despite significant climate variability. Observations of currents over Palmer Deep canyon, a representative hotspot along the Western Antarctic Peninsula, indicate that surface phytoplankton blooms enter and exit the local hotspot on scales of ~1-2 days. This time of residence is in conflict with the prevailing idea that canyon associated hotspots are primarily maintained by phytoplankton that are locally grown in association with these features by the upwelling of deep waters rich with nutrients that fuel the phytoplankton growth. Instead, the implication is that horizontal ocean circulation is likely more important to maintaining these biological hotspots than local upwelling through its physical concentrating effects. This project seeks to better resolve the factors that create and maintain focused areas of biological activity at canyons along the Western Antarctic Peninsula and create local foraging areas for marine mammals and birds. The project focus is in the analysis of the ocean transport and concentration mechanisms that sustain these biological hotspots, connecting oceanography to phytoplankton and krill, up through the food web to one of the resident predators, penguins. In addition, the research will engage with teachers from school districts serving underrepresented and underserved students by integrating the instructors and their students completely with the science team. Students will conduct their own research with the same data over the same time as researchers on the project. Revealing the fundamental mechanisms that sustain these known hotspots will significantly advance our understanding of the observed connection between submarine canyons and persistent penguin population hotspots over ecological time, and provide a new model for how Antarctic hotspots function. To understand the physical mechanisms that support persistent hotspots along the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), this project will integrate a modeling and field program that will target the processes responsible for transporting and concentrating phytoplankton and krill biomass to known penguin foraging locations. Within the Palmer Deep canyon, a representative hotspot, the team will deploy a High Frequency Radar (HFR) coastal surface current mapping network, uniquely equipped to identify the eddies and frontal regions that concentrate phytoplankton and krill. The field program, centered on surface features identified by the HFR, will include (i) a coordinated fleet of gliders to survey hydrography, chlorophyll fluorescence, optical backscatter, and active acoustics at the scale of the targeted convergent features; (ii) precise penguin tracking with GPS-linked satellite telemetry and time-depth recorders (TDRs); (iii) and weekly small boat surveys that adaptively target and track convergent features to measure phytoplankton, krill, and hydrography. A high resolution physical model will generalize our field measurements to other known hotspots along the WAP through simulation and determine which physical mechanisms lead to the maintenance of these hotspots. The project will also engage educators, students, and members of the general public in Antarctic research and data analysis with an education program that will advance teaching and learning as well as broadening participation of under-represented groups. This engagement includes professional development workshops, live connections to the public and classrooms, student research symposia, and program evaluation. Together the integrated research and engagement will advance our understanding of the role regional transport pathways and local depth dependent concentrating physical mechanisms play in sustaining these biological hotspots.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

海底峡谷作为海洋生物热点起着不成比例的重要作用，对于我们对许多沿海生态系统的理解至关重要。尽管气候差异很大，但与峡谷相关的生物热点已经沿着南极半岛持续了数千年。沿着南极西部半岛的代表性热点帕尔默深峡谷的电流观察表明，表面浮游植物盛开进入并在〜1-2天的尺度上进入并退出局部热点。这个居住时间与普遍的想法相抵触，即峡谷相关的热点主要是由浮游植物维持的，浮游植物与这些特征相关联，这些特征是通过富含养分的深水上升流，这些养分为浮游植物的增长而增长。取而代之的是，这意味着水平海洋循环对于维持这些生物热点的循环可能比通过其物理浓缩效应局部上升流动更为重要。该项目旨在更好地解决在南极半岛峡谷创造和维持重点生物活动领域的因素，并为海洋哺乳动物和鸟类创造局部觅食区。该项目的重点是对维持这些生物热点的海洋运输和集中机制的分析，将海洋学连接到浮游植物和磷虾，并通过食物网与居民捕食者之一的企鹅。此外，这项研究将与来自服务不足和服务不足的学生的学区的老师互动，通过将讲师及其学生与科学团队完全融合在一起。学生将在与项目的研究人员的同时使用相同的数据进行自己的研究。揭示维持这些已知热点的基本机制将在生态时期内显着提高我们对海底峡谷和持续的企鹅种群热点之间观察到的联系的理解，并为南极热点的功能提供新的模型。 为了了解支持沿西南极半岛（WAP）持续的热点的物理机制，该项目将集成一个建模和现场计划，该计划将针对负责运输和集中浮游植物和磷虾生物量的过程，以供已知的企鹅觅食地点。在代表性热点的Palmer Deep Canyon中，该团队将部署高频雷达（HFR）沿海表面电流映射网络，具有独特的配备，可以识别集中浮游植物和Krill的涡流和额叶区域。该野外程序以HFR确定的表面特征为中心，将包括（i）在靶向收敛特征的规模上进行调查水文，叶绿素荧光，光学反向散射和主动声学的配位滑翔机的舰队； （ii）通过GPS连接的卫星遥测和时间深度记录器（TDRS）精确的企鹅跟踪； （iii）和每周的小型船只调查，可适应和跟踪收敛特征，以测量浮游植物，磷虾和水文学。高分辨率的物理模型将通过模拟将我们的现场测量推广到WAP的其他已知热点，并确定哪些物理机制导致这些热点的维护。该项目还将通过一个教育计划与教育工作者，学生和公众进行南极研究和数据分析，该计划将提高教学和学习，并扩大代表性不足的群体的参与。这种参与包括专业发展研讨会，与公共和教室的实时联系，学生研究研讨会以及计划评估。 综合研究和参与将共同提高我们对维持这些生物热点方面的区域运输途径和局部深度浓缩物理机制发挥作用的理解。该奖项反映了NSF的法定任务，并被认为是值得通过基金会的智力优点和更广泛的影响审查标准通过评估来获得支持的。

项目成果

Subsurface Eddy Facilitates Retention of Simulated Diel Vertical Migrators in a Biological Hotspot

地下涡流有利于模拟昼夜垂直迁移器在生物热点中的保留

• DOI: 10.1029/2021jc017482
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
• 作者: Hudson, K.;Oliver, M. J.;Kohut, J.;Cohen, J. H.;Dinniman, M. S.;Klinck, J. M.;Reiss, C. S.;Cutter, G. R.;Statscewich, H.;Bernard, K. S.
• 通讯作者: Bernard, K. S.

A Recirculating Eddy Promotes Subsurface Particle Retention in an Antarctic Biological Hotspot

再循环涡流促进南极生物热点的地下颗粒滞留

• DOI: 10.1029/2021jc017304
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
• 作者: Hudson, K.;Oliver, M. J.;Kohut, J.;Dinniman, M. S.;Klinck, J. M.;Moffat, C.;Statscewich, H.;Bernard, K. S.;Fraser, W.
• 通讯作者: Fraser, W.

A subsurface eddy associated with a submarine canyon increases availability and delivery of simulated Antarctic krill to penguin foraging regions

与海底峡谷相关的地下涡流增加了模拟南极磷虾向企鹅觅食区的供应和运输

• DOI: 10.3354/meps14211
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Marine Ecology Progress Series
• 影响因子: 2.5
• 作者: Hudson, K;Oliver, MJ;Kohut, J;Dinniman, MS;Klinck, JM;Cimino, MA;Bernard, KS;Statscewich, H;Fraser, W
• 通讯作者: Fraser, W

New insight into Salpa thompsoni distribution via glider-borne acoustics

• DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.857560
• 发表时间: 2023-01-26
• 期刊: FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE
• 影响因子: 3.7
• 作者: Hann，Ashley M.;Bernard，Kim S.;Statscewich，Hank
• 通讯作者: Statscewich，Hank

Vessels of Opportunity in Marine Science Outreach and Education: Case Study and Caveats

海洋科学推广和教育机会船：案例研究和注意事项

• DOI: 10.5334/cjme.76
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: Current: The Journal of Marine Education
• 作者: Hann, Ashley M.;Bernard, Kim S.;Carroll, Lindsay J.
• 通讯作者: Carroll, Lindsay J.