The Second Cargese School on Earthquakes - Participant Support

第二届 Cargese 地震学校 - 参与者支持

基本信息

批准号：
1743284
负责人：
Gregory Beroza
金额：
$ 1.2万
依托单位：
Stanford University
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
Standard Grant
财政年份：
2017
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2017-07-01 至 2018-06-30
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1743284&HistoricalAwards=false
关键词：
Second Cargese Earthquakes Participant Support

项目摘要

Advances in the last decade have led towards a more complete picture of earthquake processes. The quality and quantity of data available to study earthquakes is increasing rapidly and both the availability of those observations and the capacity of computers to them have improved dramatically. Recent earthquakes are providing the research community with exceptionally rich datasets with which to explore earthquake behavior. Some of these data indicate an extended and complex earthquake initiation process that may involve previously unrecognized slow fault slip. The second Cargèse School on Earthquakes will provide focused yet diverse perspectives on our understanding of earthquakes. These will be delivered as lectures by leading earthquake scientists from around the world who are working at the cutting-edge of earthquake research. Lectures will be combined with hands-on tutorials that focus on learning new analysis methods and software. The school is intended to stimulate the emergence of a broader understanding of the current issues, and is aimed particularly at engaging young scientists (students and post-docs), and will thus facilitate future collective momentum towards earthquake preparedness and forecasting. This proposal would provide partial travel support for scientists from US institutions. The costs of participation by US scientists are highly leveraged against the costs of hosting the school, which are covered through European funding sources. The second Cargèse School on Earthquakes will provide instruction on the state-of-the-art covering three main research topics: (1) Earthquake Nucleation. Earthquakes are the culmination of accelerating processes that may manifest as growing aseismic slip, as confirmed by laboratory rock mechanics experiments, often accompanied by foreshocks, tremor, or other seismic phenomena. Recent observations of these and how they scale with magnitude suggest earthquake size may be influenced by the nucleation process. (2) Earthquake Triggering and Rupture. New opportunities to discover what triggers earthquakes include: (A) experimentation on real crustal faults under anthropogenic forcing, principally wastewater injection, and its consequent increase in seismicity rates and (B) the development of new methods to image in four dimensions the physical conditions and properties that determine which fault slip mode is likely to dominate. There are also open questions to be addressed concerning how geometrical/structural configurations and past history influence rupture propagation. Discoveries relevant to these opportunities and others will be discussed. (3) Beyond Earthquakes - Completing the Slip Spectrum. Slow aseismic slip acts to relieve stress applied to faults and to accelerate stress accumulation on neighboring stuck fault patches that eventually break and radiate seismic waves. Innovative seismic waveform and statistical analyses have served as proxies for the more difficult to observe aseismic slip, which is an ongoing challenge. These include verification of the proxy status by detecting aseismic deformation directly and evaluation of how seismic and aseismic modes interact.

过去十年的进步使人们对地震过程有了更全面的了解，可用于研究地震的数据的质量和数量正在迅速增加，并且这些观测的可用性和计算机的能力都得到了显着提高。为研究界提供异常丰富的数据集来探索地震行为，其中一些数据表明了一个长期而复杂的地震引发过程，其中可能涉及以前未被认识到的缓慢断层滑移。的理解这些课程将由世界各地从事地震研究前沿的顶尖地震科学家以讲座形式进行，课程将与侧重于学习新分析方法和软件的实践教程相结合。旨在促进对当前问题的更广泛理解，特别旨在吸引年轻科学家（学生和博士后），从而促进未来地震防备和预报的集体动力。该提案将提供部分旅行支持。来自美国机构的科学家。美国科学家的参与极大地抵消了学校的主办费用，该费用由欧洲资助来源支付。第二个卡尔吉斯地震学校将提供涵盖三个主要研究主题的最先进的指导：（1）地震成核。正如实验室岩石力学实验所证实的那样，地震是加速过程的高潮，通常伴随着前震、震颤或其他地震现象的观察。以及它们的震级大小表明地震规模可能受到成核过程的影响。（2）地震触发和破裂发现地震触发因素的新机会包括：（A）在人为强迫（主要是废水注入）下对真实地壳断层进行实验。以及随之而来的地震活动率的增加，以及（B）开发新方法来对确定哪种断层滑移模式可能占主导地位的物理条件和特性进行四维成像。还有一些悬而未决的问题需要解决。将讨论与这些机会和其他相关的几何/结构构造和过去的历史的发现。(3) 完成滑动谱，以减轻断层上的应力并加速应力积累。对最终破裂并辐射地震波的邻近卡断断层的研究，创新的地震波形和统计分析已成为更难以观察的地震滑移的代表。这些挑战包括通过直接检测抗震变形来验证代理状态以及评估地震和抗震模式如何相互作用。