Collaborative Research: Advancing Deformation Monitoring Methods at Axial Seamount

合作研究：推进轴向海山变形监测方法

• 批准号: 1736882
• 负责人: William Chadwick
• 金额: $ 19.89万
• 依托单位: Oregon State University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2017-10-01 至 2023-09-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1736882&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Advancing; Deformation; Monitoring

This research project continues long-term study and monitoring of the most active submarine volcano in the world. Axial Seamount is located about 300 miles off the coast of Oregon and represents one of the best places to study how volcanoes work because it erupts frequently and repetitively and has numerous monitoring instruments linked to shore via cable which is part of the newly commissioned National Science Foundation's Ocean Observing Initiative. This research focuses on continuing the present time series data collection effort and using the data to understand how magma (molten rock) is stored in the shallow crust at volcanoes, how it is delivered to the surface, how eruptions are triggered, and how eruptions can be successfully forecast. Field work involves use of newly developed, precise, pressure sensors and autonomous underwater vehicles using geodetics to measure vertical movements of the seafloor, which take place as Axial Seamount, gradually inflates like a balloon, with magma seeping in and filling its subterranean magma chamber a few kilometers below the seafloor. During inflation (the present situation) and deflation (loss of volume due to eruption of lavas on the seafloor, the last of which occurred in 2015) the seafloor moves up and down as much as 8-12 feet. As observed in Axial's last two eruption cycles, when the volcano is fully "re-inflated" it is ready to erupt again. Monitoring for almost two decades has shown that Axial Seamount inflates to a similar amount before each eruption. This allowed the two previous eruptions to be successfully forecast months in advance. Collection of this new data will be complemented by geodynamic modeling focused on understanding how volcano inflation influences the deformation field around it. Broader impacts of this research have broad implications for the understanding of volcano hazards, utilizes the new Ocean Observing Initiative's cabled array and complementary sensor suites, helps build infrastructure for science, and provides training for students. It will also result in a new software package to enable autonomous underwater vehicles to perform terrain-following grids of features on the seafloor. Results from this study may have important implications for better understanding magma chamber filling and eruption associated with volcanoes on land where the continental crust, many times, adds complexity to fundamental magma generation and magma chamber filling processes.Axial Seamount is on the Juan de Fuca Ridge off the coast of the northwestern United States. It erupted in 1998, 2011, and most recently again in April 2015. It has been instrumented for this period of time with sensors that can detect ground motion and changes in elevation over time. It is now hooked to the undersea data cable and junction box of the National Science Foundation's Ocean Observing Initiative's cabled array. Thus, Axial Seamount is an ideal natural laboratory for the long-term study of active processes of submarine volcanos in a mid-ocean ridge setting. Long-term research and monitoring of Axial has created a remarkable time-series dataset of bottom pressure observations that have revealed repeated cycles of inflation and deflation that have been used to forecast eruptions with increasing accuracy. The 2015 eruption was the first captured in real time by the network of sensors now installed inside the volcano's caldera and on its flanks. These installations have revealed the inner workings of the volcano in unprecedented detail. This research will follow up on recent work by using autonomous underwater vehicles that generate high-resolution bathymetric maps that show the Axial deformation field extends well beyond its summit caldera. These new data complement the continuous, but spatially limited, pressure sensor measurements and put them into a geologic, morphological framework. This research will continue the pressure measurements and further develop a new autonomous underwater vehicle navigation technique to improve seafloor survey reliability and reproducibility. Results of this will be used to advance modeling of the deformation of the Axial subsurface magmatic system. It will also explore new quantitative numerical methods for improving eruption forecasts.

该研究项目继续对世界上最活跃的海底火山进行长期研究和监测。 Axial Seamount位于距离俄勒冈州海岸约300英里处，是研究火山如何工作的最佳场所之一，因为它经常爆发，并通过电缆有许多与Shore相关的监控工具，这是新委托的国家科学基金会观察倡议的一部分。这项研究重点是继续进行当前的时间序列数据收集工作，并使用数据来了解岩浆（熔融岩石）如何存储在火山的浅层地壳中，如何将其传递到表面，如何触发喷发以及如何成功预测喷发。 现场工作涉及使用新开发，精确的，压力传感器和使用地球材料的自主水下车辆来测量海底的垂直运动，而海底的垂直运动是作为轴向海拔的，逐渐膨胀，像气球一样膨胀，岩浆渗入并填充了其地下岩浆室以下几个海底的地下岩浆室。在通货膨胀（目前的情况）和通缩期间（由于海底上的熔岩喷发造成的体积损失，其中最后一次发生在2015年），海底上下移动多达8-12英尺。正如在轴向的最后两个喷发循环中观察到的那样，当火山完全“重新膨胀”时，它可以再次爆发。近二十年的监测表明，轴向海山在每次喷发之前膨胀到相似的量。这允许提前几个月成功预测前两次爆发。这些新数据的收集将以侧重于了解火山通胀如何影响周围变形场的地球动力模型来补充。这项研究的更广泛影响对了解火山危害具有广泛的影响，利用了新的海洋观察计划的有线阵列和互补的传感器套件，有助于建立科学基础设施，并为学生提供培训。这也将导致一个新的软件包，以使自动驾驶水下车辆能够在海底上执行以下特征的网格。这项研究的结果可能对更好地了解与大陆地壳在陆地上的火山相关的岩浆腔室填充和喷发具有重要意义，那里的大陆地壳很多时候都增加了基本的岩浆产生和岩浆腔室填充工艺的复杂性。轴向海山在美国西北部沿海的Juan de Fuca Ridge上。 它于1998年，2011年爆发，最近在2015年4月再次爆发。在此期间，它通过传感器进行了仪器，这些传感器可以检测地面运动并随着时间的推移而变化。现在，它被挂在国家科学基金会的海洋海洋观察倡议的有线阵列的海底数据电缆和接线盒中。因此，轴向海山是在中山山脊环境中长期研究海底火山的主动过程的理想天然实验室。轴向的长期研究和监测创造了一个显着的时间序列数据集的底压观测值，这些数据集揭示了通货膨胀和通气的反复循环，这些循环已用于预测，准确性提高。 2015年的喷发是现已安装在火山火山口和侧面上的传感器网络实时捕获的。 这些装置已经揭示了火山的内部工作，以空前的细节。这项研究将通过使用自动水下车辆来跟进最近的工作，从而产生高分辨率的测深地图，显示轴向变形场远远超出了其峰顶火山口范围。 这些新数据补充了连续但有限的压力传感器测量值，并将它们置于地质，形态框架中。这项研究将继续进行压力测量，并进一步开发一种新的自动驾驶水下汽车导航技术，以提高海底调查可靠性和可重复性。结果将用于推进轴向地下岩浆系统变形的建模。它还将探讨用于改善喷发预测的新定量数值方法。

项目成果

Revised Magmatic Source Models for the 2015 Eruption at Axial Seamount Including Estimates of Fault‐Induced Deformation

修订后的 2015 年轴向海山喷发岩浆源模型，包括断层诱发变形的估计

• DOI: 10.1029/2020jb019356
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
• 作者: Hefner, William L.;Nooner, Scott L.;Chadwick, Jr, William W.;Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R.
• 通讯作者: Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R.

Geodetic Monitoring at Axial Seamount Since Its 2015 Eruption Reveals a Waning Magma Supply and Tightly Linked Rates of Deformation and Seismicity

自 2015 年喷发以来对轴状海山的大地测量揭示了岩浆供应的减弱以及变形率与地震活动密切相关

• DOI: 10.1029/2021gc010153
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Geosystems
• 作者: Chadwick, Jr., William W.;Wilcock, William S. D.;Nooner, Scott L.;Beeson, Jeffrey W.;Sawyer, Audra M.;Lau, T. ‐K.
• 通讯作者: Lau, T. ‐K.

The Magnetization of an Underwater Caldera: A Time‐Lapse Magnetic Anomaly Study of Axial Seamount

水下破火山口的磁化：轴状海山的延时磁异常研究

• DOI: 10.1029/2022gl100008
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Geophysical Research Letters
• 影响因子: 5.2
• 作者: Fluegel, Bailey;Tivey, Maurice;Biasi, Joseph;Chadwick, William W.;Nooner, Scott L.
• 通讯作者: Nooner, Scott L.

Toward a Universal Frequency of Occurrence Distribution for Tsunamis: Statistical Analysis of a 32‐Year Bottom Pressure Record at Axial Seamount

走向海啸发生的通用频率分布：轴向海山 32 年底部压力记录的统计分析

• DOI: 10.1029/2020gl087372
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: Geophysical Research Letters
• 影响因子: 5.2
• 作者: Fine, Isaac V.;Thomson, Richard E.;Chadwick, William W.;Fox, Christopher G.
• 通讯作者: Fox, Christopher G.

Triggering of eruptions at Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge

胡安德富卡海岭轴海山喷发的触发

• DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67043-0
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: Scientific Reports
• 影响因子: 4.6
• 作者: Cabaniss, Haley E.;Gregg, Patricia M.;Nooner, Scott L.;Chadwick, William W.
• 通讯作者: Chadwick, William W.