A marine Unoccupied Aircraft Systems (UAS) facility: Building capacity for high-resolution remote sensing and analysis of marine and coastal ecosystems

海洋无人飞机系统（UAS）设施：建设高分辨率遥感以及海洋和沿海生态系统分析的能力

• 批准号: 1624645
• 负责人: David Johnston
• 金额: $ 31.04万
• 依托单位: Duke University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2016-09-01 至 2017-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1624645&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: marine; Unoccupied; Aircraft; Systems; UAS

The use of Unoccupied Aircraft Systems (UAS), also known as drones, in marine science is growing, filling a gap between shoreline or boat-based surveys and aerial imagery collected by occupied airplanes and satellites. Drones enable on-demand, high resolution data collection across ocean environments, while reducing costs and human risk. The potential applications for promoting the progress of marine science are vast, including studies of changing coastlines, measuring ocean water quality, counting animals such as seabirds and sea turtles, assessing the health and behavior of animals, and even sampling the breath of individual whales. Despite their demonstrated utility for marine science and conservation missions, there is little support for researchers to integrate drones into their scientific studies. Similarly, there are few programs designed to train students to use drones in marine science and conservation programs. This project addresses these gaps by establishing a research and training facility that will enhance the capacity of NSF-funded researchers, and other portions of the scientific community on the US East Coast, to use drones for the study and conservation of coastal and marine systems.
 This project will i) repurpose and renovate an existing building to create engineering, computational, and visualization/training/outreach laboratories for UAS research, ii) diversify a fleet of UAS to increase capabilities available to the scientific community in the region, iii) develop a data analysis, visualization, and storage framework for products generated by the facility. Numerous challenges associated with operating UAS will benefit from this centralized regional marine facility, including FAA licensing and permitting, development and deployment of marine-specific sampling methods, maintenance of the social license to operate, centralized data archiving, and by establishing a locus for sensor, computational, and visualization tool development in response to the scientific needs of coastal and marine researchers. The UAS facility will enable studies of the ecosystem consequences of human activities in marine habitats, including dynamics and processes. This new sampling capability provides aerial imagery from visible to infrared and hyperspectral wavelengths, as well as other geo-referenced sensor data, including light detection and ranging (LIDAR) and synthetic aperture radar (SAR). UAS are also now used to sample atmospheric phenomena (wind, aerosols) and can even be used to sample breath from individual whales. The potential coastal applications range from studies of changing coastal geomorphology to population dynamics and behavior of marine vertebrates such as seals and turtles. Archived, geospatially referenced data will be invaluable for long-term studies of change related to storm events and sea-level rise in coastal areas. The facility will enable hands-on sensor and computational development experience for students in engineering and biology programs at Duke, and will support a summer training course in research methods open to professionals as well as undergraduate and graduate students. The facility will also support marine science interaction in the local community and established STEM outreach initiatives including local public school aviation clubs and summer programs at local the Boys and Girls Clubs.

无人飞机系统（UAS）（也称为无人机）在海洋科学中的使用正在不断增长，填补了海岸线或船基调查与有人占用的飞机和卫星收集的航空图像之间的空白。无人机可以在海洋环境中按需收集高分辨率数据，同时降低成本和人员风险。促进海洋科学进步的潜在应用是巨大的，包括研究海岸线变化、测量海洋水质、对海鸟和海龟等动物进行计数、评估动物的健康和行为，甚至对鲸鱼个体进行呼吸采样。尽管无人机在海洋科学和保护任务中被证明具有实用性，但研究人员很少支持将无人机纳入科学研究。同样，很少有项目旨在培训学生在海洋科学和保护项目中使用无人机。该项目通过建立一个研究和培训设施来弥补这些差距，该设施将提高美国国家科学基金会资助的研究人员以及美国东海岸科学界其他部分使用无人机研究和保护沿海和海洋系统的能力。 
该项目将 i) 重新利用和翻新现有建筑，为 UAS 研究创建工程、计算和可视化/培训/外展实验室，ii) 使 UAS 机队多样化，以提高该地区科学界可用的能力，iii) 开发该设施生成的产品的数据分析、可视化和存储框架。 与操作 UAS 相关的众多挑战将受益于这个集中的区域海洋设施，包括 FAA 许可和许可、海洋特定采样方法的开发和部署、社会操作许可证的维护、集中数据归档以及建立传感器所在地、计算和可视化工具的开发，以满足沿海和海洋研究人员的科学需求。 无人机系统设施将能够研究人类活动对海洋栖息地的生态系统影响，包括动态和过程。这种新的采样功能提供从可见光到红外和高光谱波长的航空图像，以及其他地理参考传感器数据，包括光探测和测距（LIDAR）和合成孔径雷达（SAR）。无人机现在还用于对大气现象（风、气溶胶）进行采样，甚至可以用于对个体鲸鱼的呼吸进行采样。潜在的沿海应用范围从沿海地貌变化的研究到海豹和海龟等海洋脊椎动物的种群动态和行为。存档的地理空间参考数据对于沿海地区风暴事件和海平面上升相关变化的长期研究非常宝贵。该设施将为杜克大学工程和生物学项目的学生提供传感器和计算开发实践经验，并将支持向专业人士以及本科生和研究生开放的研究方法夏季培训课程。该设施还将支持当地社区的海洋科学互动，并制定 STEM 外展计划，包括当地公立学校航空俱乐部和当地男孩和女孩俱乐部的暑期项目。