Doctoral Dissertation Research: Translating Rules and the Rule of Law into Local Practices

博士论文研究：将规则和法治转化为地方实践

• 批准号: 1628301
• 负责人: Kim Lane Scheppele
• 金额: $ 2.52万
• 依托单位: Princeton University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2016-09-01 至 2018-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1628301&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Research; Translating; Rules

This project analyzes how international organizations advance the rule of law when they lack the financial and military capacity to enforce their authority. The project asks: How do legal cultures emerge so that law, though distantly created, becomes a local resource invoked by community members and routinely vindicated in court? Translating 'paper laws' into behavior on the ground is critical for all legal systems, but it is a particular challenge for federal, decentralized polities that lacks a military, an independent tax system, and a large bureaucracy. Such polities might rely on communities of lawyers, judges, legal academics, and civic associations to sustain the local operation of the law, particularly in cities, where most courts and litigants are located. Focusing on the European Union (EU) -- one of the most successful international organizations of the modern era -- and using a comparative historical analysis of how legal professionals across a set of European cities have organized to practice EU law, the project examines the diverse motives, organizational practices, and institutional constraints faced by these actors: How does local socio-economic context shape their motivations to invoke EU law? How do they promote awareness of EU law and amass the financial resources to vindicate it in court? And how does the organization of the domestic judiciary shape their ability to effectively secure the EU rights of local citizens? The resulting findings support comparative research into the variable uptake of legal rules in federal polities, where comparisons between the EU and the United States are particularly appropriate. That is, by analyzing how legal rules come to be practiced by local communities of legal professionals, the project identifies the various ways in which individual rights and the equal application of the law can be secured in diverse and decentralized legal systems.A combination of interview, archival, and quantitative evidence, amassed via twelve months of fieldwork, will be leveraged to answer these questions. Preliminary research has already leveraged GIS technology and fieldwork in Italian cities to demonstrate that local engagement with EU varies at the city-level; additional fieldwork will assess the mechanisms underlying this variation and the generalizability of the findings to countries with diversely organized judiciaries. In this light, this project first leverages geocoded EU litigation data to select Italian cities where additional archival work can be conducted and key legal practitioners interviewed to probe how they understand EU law, what local supports exist for EU litigation, whether distinct local 'styles' of EU legal practice have crystallized, and how these practices evolve over time. Fieldwork will assess the hypothesis that local institutions -- such as universities and lawyers' associations -- entrench distinct city-level patterns of engagement with EU law depending on their ability to diffuse awareness of EU rules and to mobilize the material resources to vindicate them in court. To do so, EU litigation in northern Italian cities -- long boasting resource-rich, large-law-firm litigation support structures -- will be compared to EU litigation in southern cities, where institutions promoting EU legal practice have only recently been founded to train the many solo-practitioners there. Fieldwork will also identify how local, state, and EU actors shape the local litigation support structure necessary to participate in the EU legal system. To then determine whether Italian patterns of subnational engagement with EU law extend to different judicial systems, additional archival work and interviews in select French cities -- embedded within a more centralized judicial hierarchy than Italy's -- and German cities -- embedded within a more decentralized judiciary than Italy's -- will be conducted.

该项目分析了国际组织在缺乏财务和军事能力执行其权威时如何提高法治。该项目问：法律文化如何出现，以使法律虽然遥远地创建，但成为社区成员援引并经常在法庭上证明的地方资源？将“纸质法”转化为当地行为对于所有法律制度至关重要，但是对于缺乏军事，独立税制和大型官僚机构的联邦分散政治而言，这是一个特别的挑战。这些政体可能依靠律师，法官，法律学者和公民协会的社区来维持法律的当地运作，特别是在大多数法院和诉讼人所在的城市中。该项目专注于现代时代最成功的国际组织之一欧盟（EU），并使用比较的历史分析，对欧洲城市中的法律专业人士如何组织欧盟法律，研究了这些参与者的多样性动机，组织实践，组织实践和制度限制：当地社会经济环境如何塑造他们的动力来唤起他们的动力来唤起他们的动机eu eu eu eu eu eu eu？他们如何提高对欧盟法律的认识并积累财务资源以在法庭上辩护？国内司法机构的组织如何塑造其有效地确保当地公民权利的能力？最终的发现支持了对联邦政体中法律规则可变摄取的比较研究，在欧盟与美国之间的比较特别合适。也就是说，通过分析法律专业人员的当地社区如何实践法律规则，该项目可以确定个人权利和法律的平等应用的各种方式，以多样化和分散的法律制度。访谈，档案和定量证据的结合，可以在菲尔德（Fieldwork）的十二个月中收集到这些问题，以回答这些问题。初步研究已经利用了意大利城市的GIS技术和实地研究，以证明当地与欧盟的参与在城市级别各不相同。额外的现场工作将评估这种差异的基础机制以及对司法司法多样化国家的调查结果的普遍性。有鉴于此，该项目首先利用地理编码的欧盟诉讼数据来选择意大利城市可以进行其他档案工作，并采访了关键的法律从业人员，以调查他们如何理解欧盟法律，欧盟法律实践的独特当地“样式”是否已经结晶，以及这些实践如何随着时间的流逝而变化。实地调查将评估以下假设：当地机构（例如大学和律师协会）取决于其与欧盟法律互动的独特级别的模式，具体取决于它们扩散了对欧盟规则的认识并动员物质资源在法庭上辩护它们的能力。为此，将在南部城市的欧盟诉讼中与南部城市的欧盟诉讼进行比较，在那里，促进欧盟法律实践的机构才被建立在那里培训许多个人实践者。现场工作还将确定本地，州和欧盟参与者如何塑造参加欧盟法律制度所需的当地诉讼支持结构。然后确定意大利与欧盟法律的统一参与模式是否扩展到不同的司法系统，在某些法国城市中的其他档案工作和访谈 - 嵌入了比意大利更具集中式的司法等级制度，而德国的城市则嵌入了一个比意大利更分散的司法化的司法城市。