Collaborative Research: Responses of atmospheric oxidants and CO2 to dramatic changes in Arctic sea ice

合作研究：大气氧化剂和二氧化碳对北极海冰剧烈变化的反应

• 批准号: 1602781
• 负责人: Donald Perovich
• 金额: $ 10万
• 依托单位: Dartmouth College
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2016-08-01 至 2019-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1602781&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Responses; atmospheric; oxidants

The Arctic region has unique atmospheric chemistry leading to both positive and negative human health impacts, such as the depletion of ground-level ozone and the deposition of mercury. Atmospheric carbon dioxide uptake into sea water, moderated by the time-varying amount of sea ice cover, causes acidification of Arctic Ocean waters with potentially important impacts on the marine ecosystem. One expects that the atmosphere and its chemistry will respond in a complex manner to sea ice change and Arctic warming, but the science community lacks the ability to make predictions with confidence given only basic mechanistic understanding of the relevant processes. The O-Buoy Chemical Network project was funded under an Arctic Observing Network grant to observe atmospheric chemicals, meteorology, and sea-ice properties that can improve our understanding of the relevant processes and thus improve predictability of scenarios of future climate. That project has deployed fifteen autonomous buoys measuring three sentinel atmospheric chemical species, each for roughly a year?s time, spread across the Arctic Ocean, providing detailed, high-time-resolution data relevant to understanding the Arctic atmosphere?s chemistry in relation to sea ice. In this project, the science team will synthesize, interpret, and generate fundamental understanding from the O-Buoy network data. In addition, GEOS-Chem modeling combined with the O-Buoy measurements will be used to develop a region wide understanding of the relationship between the Arctic atmosphere and sea ice.This project will contribute to STEM manpower development in a number of ways. It will provide support for an early career scientist during the formative years of his career. It will support the training of three Ph.D. students and engage multiple undergraduate students. Efforts will be made to draw these latter students from groups under-represented in the STEM fields by leveraging the resources of the Dartmouth College Women in Science Program (WISP) and the Alaska Native Science and Engineering Program (ANSEP) at the University of Alaska. Outreach to the K - gray community will be enabled through leveraging of existing programs such as the NSF-funded Next Generation WeatherBlur Project, the US Army Corps of Engineers' Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory's summer science camp for New Hampshire middle school students, the University of Alaska's annual Spring Science Potpourri open house, the weekly Café Scientifique in Boothbay Harbor, Maine: a summer lecture series that promotes public engagement with cutting-edge scientific research, and the extensive web presence of the Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences. The Arctic Ocean's overlying atmosphere is characterized by production of reactive halogen oxidizers from sea salts that lead to depletion of ground-level ozone and deposition of mercury. This production is believed to be modulated by the state of the sea ice cover. This project will answer three specific science questions relevant to the overarching question "How do changes in the Arctic Ocean environment, especially sea ice, affect the atmosphere?" via statistical analysis and modeling approaches. Statistical methods will test and improve process understanding while modeling approaches will be used to improve quantification of gas exchange fluxes with the Arctic Ocean through the fractured, drifting, sea ice and to predict fluxes of reactive halogen oxidizers and their precursors from sea ice. These modeling exercises make full use of the data from the O-Buoys covering the Arctic Ocean region from 2009-2016+, a period which has had a great deal of sea ice variability and reduced sea ice compared to historical averages. The three specific questions constituting the foci for this project are:Q1: Under what conditions are carbon dioxide air-ice-ocean fluxes important causes of atmospheric carbon dioxide variability over the Arctic Ocean and, conversely, when is long-range transport important?Q2: How do Arctic Ocean sea ice, snow, and vertical mixing conditions affect major atmospheric oxidants (ozone and reactive halogens)?Q3: How do interannual variability and long-term declines in sea ice affect atmospheric contaminants in the Arctic?

北极地区具有独特的大气化学反应，从而产生正面和负面的人类健康影响，例如地面臭氧的部署和汞的沉积。大气中的二氧化碳吸收到海水中，随着时间变化的海冰覆盖而导致北极海水的酸化，对海洋生态系统产生了潜在的重要影响。人们期望大气及其化学反应将以复杂的方式对海冰的变化和北极变暖做出反应，但是科学界缺乏仅在对相关过程的基本机械理解的基本理解的情况下，信心做出预测的能力。 O-Buoy化学网络项目是在北极观察网络赠款下资助的，以观察大气化学物质，气象和海冰特性，可以提高我们对相关过程的理解，从而提高未来气候场景的可预测性。该项目已经部署了15种测量三种哨气大气化学物种的自主浮标，每种浮标大约一年，分布在北极海洋上，提供了与了解北极大气有关的详细的，高的时间分辨率数据。在这个项目中，科学团队将从O-Buoy网络数据中综合，解释和产生基本理解。此外，GEOS-Chem建模与O-Buoy测量结果相结合，将用于对北极大气和海冰之间关系的区域广泛理解。该项目将以多种方式有助于STEM人力的发展。它将在他职业生涯的成长时期为早期职业科学家提供支持。它将支持三个博士学位的培训。学生并参与多个本科生。将通过利用达特茅斯学院妇女科学计划（WISP）和阿拉斯加大学的阿拉斯加本地科学与工程计划（ANSEP）的资源来努力从STEM领域的小组中吸引这些后来的学生。 Outreach to the K - gray community will be enabled through leveraging of existing programs such as the NSF-funded Next Generation WeatherBlur Project, the US Army Corps of Engineers' Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory's summer science camp for New Hampshire middle school students, the University of Alaska's annual Spring Science Potpourri open house, the weekly Café Scientifique in Boothbay Harbor, Maine: a summer lecture series that promotes public engagement with尖端的科学研究，以及海洋科学Bigelow实验室的广泛网络存在。北极海洋的上覆的气氛的特征是从海盐产生反应性卤素氧化剂，从而导致地面臭氧和汞沉积。据信这种生产是由海冰覆盖状态调节的。该项目将回答与总体问题有关的三个特定科学问题：“北极海洋环境，尤其是海冰的变化如何影响大气？”通过统计分析和建模方法。统计方法将使用建模方法来测试和改善过程的理解，以通过破裂，漂流，海冰来改善与北极海洋的气体交换通量的定量，并预测来自海冰的反应性卤素氧化物及其前体的通量。这些建模练习充分利用了2009 - 2016年以上覆盖北极海洋地区的O-Buoys的数据，与历史平均相比，这一时期具有很大的海冰可变性和降低的海冰。构成该项目焦点的三个特定问题是：Q1：在二氧化碳二氧化碳含量是什么条件下海冰的变异性和长期下降会影响北极的大气污染物？