NeTS: Small: End-User Behavior and Prospect Pricing in Wireless Data Networks

NeTS：小型：无线数据网络中的最终用户行为和前景定价

• 批准号: 1421961
• 负责人: Narayan Mandayam
• 金额: $ 50万
• 依托单位: Rutgers University New Brunswick
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2014-10-01 至 2018-09-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1421961&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: NeTS; Small; End; User; Behavior

Beyond smart phones, of which there are significantly more in developed countries, the number of mobile phones in the world is approaching 7B, even creating a reality that in some parts of the world, there are more people with access to a phone than with access to electricity at home. The advent of machine-to-machine communications adds increased pressure on wireless system capacity. In fact, there is a recognition and push in both industry and academia towards the goal of achieving "1000x" capacity for wireless. The solution approaches range from spectrally agile cognitive radios with novel spectrum sharing, to use of higher frequency electromagnetic spectrum as well as smaller and denser cell deployments referred to as heterogeneous networks (HetNets). While this is a much needed activity with many challenges to overcome, providing a spatially high density of wireless/wired backhaul as required for HetNets is expensive and the overwhelming demands on wireless capacity fundamentally remain, in that state-of-the-art systems are nowhere near the 1000x capacity target goals and perhaps even an order of magnitude or two away. Wireless service providers (SPs) in recent times have therefore resorted to control access and services being provided to end-users via differentiated and hierarchical monetary pricing. As such, end-users may have to make decisions on data rate and price offerings that may be presented to them when they need service in high user-density dynamic spectrum settings. A complementary approach termed "prospect pricing" is proposed as a way to support data demand and relies on influencing end-user (human) behavior using dynamic pricing algorithms when technological solutions by themselves cannot satisfy the demands of wireless data. The research agenda seeks to design and study wireless network pricing from a cognitive psychology perspective, thereby presenting a novel framework to understand how wireless networks can be influenced by end-user behavior and vice-versa. The successful completion of this research will serve up useful pointers to how prospect pricing can be used by the SPs to manage the ever increasing demand for data.Policing mechanisms that influence wireless device behavior and thereby drive systems to better operating points have been addressed amply in the radio resource management literature. These mechanisms essentially are borne out of expected utility theory (EUT) based microeconomics approaches, and implemented via engineered system design, i.e., embedding these strategies in the link layer and network layer protocols that are executed by wireless devices. When a SP controls access to end-users via differentiated and hierarchical monetary pricing, then the performance of the network is directly subject to end-user decision-making that has shown to deviate from EUT. Prospect Theory, a Nobel prize winning theory that explains real-life decision-making and its deviations from EUT behavior, is used to design "prospect pricing" for wireless networks. Specifically, dynamic pricing algorithms for wireless data are designed to enable HetNets to manage the ever increasing demand for data, especially when both spectrum and infrastructure resources are constrained. Using a mix of theory, algorithm development and experimentation, the research agenda proposed by a team comprised of a wireless networking/systems researcher and a cognitive psychologist includes: (1) Development of a Framework for Prospect Pricing in Wireless Networks using Game Theory, (2) Evaluation of the Performance of Prospect Pricing in HetNets for Load-Balancing and Resource Management, and (3) Psychophysics Experiments to understand End-User Perceptions and Preferences to Service Offers and Wireless Network Performance.The project will make available as an open resource the psychophysics testbed developed for wireless network usage experience. The unique marriage of wireless network pricing and cognitive psychology offers an innovative educational opportunity to involve both graduate and undergraduate students from electrical and computer engineering and psychology.

除了智能手机，发达国家的手机的数量要多，世界上的手机数量正在接近7b，甚至创造了一种现实，即在世界某些地区，可以访问电话的人比访问更多的人数在家中电力。机器对机器通信的出现增加了对无线系统容量的压力增加。实际上，行业和学术界都有认可和推动，以实现“ 1000倍”无线能力的目标。该解决方案方法的范围从具有新频谱共享的光谱敏捷认知无线电到使用高频电磁谱以及较小和密集的细胞部署，称为异质网络（HETNETS）。虽然这是一项急需的活动，需要克服许多挑战，但由于HETNET所需的需要提供空间高密度的无线/有线回程，而且对无线容量的压倒性需求从根本上仍然存在，但在最新的系统中，这是最先进的系统，但在1000x容量目标目标附近，甚至可能是一两个数量级。因此，近来无线服务提供商（SPS）已通过差异化和分层的货币定价来控制向最终用户提供的访问和服务。这样，最终用户可能必须在需要高用户密度动态频谱设置服务时就数据速率和价格产品做出决定。当技术解决方案本身无法满足无线数据的需求时，提出了一种称为“前景定价”的补充方法作为支持数据需求并依赖于影响最终用户（人）行为的一种方式。研究议程试图从认知心理学的角度设计和研究无线网络定价，从而提出了一个新颖的框架，以了解如何受到最终用户行为和反之亦然的无线网络。这项研究的成功完成将有助于指示SPS如何使用前景定价来管理对数据的不断增长的需求。影响无线设备行为，从而驱动系统到更好的操作点的机制已得到充分解决无线电资源管理文献。这些机制本质上是由基于预期的实用性理论（EUT）的微观经济学方法来证实的，并通过工程系统设计实施，即将这些策略嵌入由无线设备执行的链路层和网络层协议中。当SP通过差异化和分层的货币定价控制对最终用户的访问时，网络的性能直接受到已显示与EUT偏离的最终用户决策。前景理论是诺贝尔奖获奖理论，解释了现实生活中的决策及其与EUT行为的偏差，用于为无线网络设计“前景定价”。具体而言，无线数据的动态定价算法旨在使HETNET能够管理对数据的不断增长的需求，尤其是当频谱和基础架构资源都受到限制时。 通过理论，算法发展和实验的混合，由一个由无线网络/系统研究人员组成的团队提出的研究议程和认知心理学家包括：（1）使用游戏理论的无线网络中前景定价框架的开发（（（（ 2）评估HETNETS在负载平衡和资源管理中的前景定价的性能，以及（3）心理物理学实验，以了解最终用户的看法和对服务优惠和无线网络性能的偏好。该项目将作为开放资源提供为无线网络使用体验开发的心理物理学测试床。无线网络定价和认知心理学的独特婚姻为涉及电气和计算机工程和心理学的研究生和本科生提供了创新的教育机会。