Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Transition to Agriculture in Southern Scandinavia

博士论文改进补助金：斯堪的纳维亚半岛南部向农业的过渡

• 批准号: 1135155
• 负责人: T. Douglas Price
• 金额: $ 1.8万
• 依托单位: University of Wisconsin-Madison
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2011
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2011-08-01 至 2012-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1135155&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Grant; Transition

With National Science Foundation support Mr. Kurt Gron will analyze late Mesolithic and early Neolithic animal remains from several sites of the northern European Ertebølle (5400-4000 B.C.) and Trichterbecher (4000-3500 B.C.) cultures of Southern Scandinavia. Analyses will be performed under the supervision of Dr. T. Douglas Price and involve materials from a cluster of excavated sites located in northwest Zealand, Denmark, as well as a transitional shell midden in eastern Jutland, Denmark, and will include previously published data. The fundamental goal of the research is to gain insight into the factors which, in traditional societies, either promote change or resistance to it. Southern Scandinavia, appears to illustrate the latter and the proposed research hopefully will increase scientific understanding of the inhibitory factors involved. The adoption of domesticated animals and plants in Scandinavia was one of the last transitions to agriculture in Europe, around 4000 B.C. For nearly a millennium prior, farming was present in Europe but not southern Scandinavia, and there was contact between foraging and farming groups without an adoption of farming by Ertebølle foragers. After this delay, agriculture began, but in an idiosyncratic fashion. This was characterized by the rapid introduction of domesticated animals and plants but their low importance subsequently for nearly half a millennium, large-scale environmental changes, and culture change in the form of new types of ceramic and settlement system concurrent with some evidence of cultural continuity. Despite the long history of archaeological inquiry into the origins of agriculture in southern Scandinavia, a consensus view of the causes, timeline, and the people involved remains elusive. Questions as complicated as explaining the origins of agriculture require robust data sets of not only the transitional era, but also antecedent periods. Due to the scant archaeological record of the earliest farmers in Denmark, a clear understanding of the transition may be best understood by studying the Ertebølle culture and their faunal economies. By applying several methods and integrating this data with other scholarship, Mr. Gron will tie together past and present research, introducing new types of analysis and models of variability which will inform future research. These analyses will focus on geographical and regional variability in Ertebølle animal use just prior to the onset of farming in the region, and will build and test a model of variability within such animal economies. The study of animal bones is particularly important in Stone-Age research, as faunal remains are one of the most robust data sets available for study of such cultures. Gron will use multiple approaches, including traditional zooarchaeological, chemical, and statistical methods to understand the build-up, and transition to, agriculture in Denmark through the lens of faunal use.Methods applied here will inform and be applicable for understanding agricultural origins and transitions worldwide, one of the key questions of human history. This research will provide high-level and unique training for Mr. Gron and will foster long-term transatlantic Stone-Age research and scholarly cooperation, as this project relies on collaboration with a number of Danish and other European scholars and students. Publication will be submitted for peer-review, and results will be presented at scholarly conferences as well as to the general public. As the relationship of humans with animals is a key trait our kind, further understanding the interaction between people and their natural environment is perpetually relevant.

在国家科学基金会的支持下，库尔特·格朗（Kurt Gron）先生将分析来自北欧Ertebølle（公元前5400 - 4000年）和Trichterbecher（公元前4000 - 3500年）的几个地点的中石器时代和新石器时代的动物遗体。分析将在T. Douglas Price博士的监督下进行，并涉及位于丹麦西北部的一组挖掘地点的材料，以及丹麦东部Jutland的过渡性壳，并将包括先前发布的数据。该研究的基本目标是深入了解传统社会中促进变革或抵抗它的因素。斯堪的纳维亚南部似乎说明了后者，并希望拟议的研究将增加对所涉及的抑制因素的科学理解。斯堪的纳维亚半岛的驯养动物和植物是欧洲农业的最后一次过渡，左右是公元前4000年。近一年的千年，耕种在欧洲，但不存在于斯堪的纳维亚南部，而觅食和农业团体之间没有埃特贝尔·觅食者采用农业的耕种。经过这一延迟，农业开始了，但以一种特殊的方式开始。这是特征的特征是快速引入驯养的动物和植物，但随后将其进口较低，在近半个千年中，大规模的环境变化，以及新型陶瓷和设置系统形式的文化变化以及一些文化连续性的证据。尽管考古调查对斯堪的纳维亚南部农业的起源进行了悠久的历史，但对事业，时间表和参与人员的共识观点仍然难以捉摸。像解释农业的起源一样复杂的问题不仅需要过渡时代，而且还需要稳健的数据集。由于丹麦最早的农民的存档记录很少，因此可以通过研究Ertebølle文化及其动物经济来了解对过渡的清晰了解。通过应用多种方法并将这些数据与其他科学集成在一起，格朗先生将将过去和现在的研究联系在一起，引入新的分析类型和可变性模型，这将为未来的研究提供依据。这些分析将侧重于该地区农业开始之前的Ertebølle动物使用的地理和区域可变性，并将在这种动物经济中建立和测试一种可变性模型。动物骨骼的研究在石头研究中尤其重要，因为动物遗体是可用于研究此类培养物的最强大数据集之一。格朗将使用多种方法，包括传统的动物考古学，化学和统计方法，通过通过动物群的镜头来理解丹麦的农业的积累，并过渡到丹麦的农业。此处应用的方法将提供信息，并适用于理解全球农业起源和过渡，这是人类历史的关键问题之一。这项研究将为格朗先生提供高级和独特的培训，并将培养长期的跨大西洋石材研究和科学合作，因为该项目依赖于与许多丹麦和其他欧洲学者和学生的合作。出版物将提交同行评审，结果将在学术会议和公众举行。由于人类与动物的关系是我们的关键特征，因此进一步了解人们与自然环境之间的相互作用永远相关。