NeTS: Large: Collaborative Research: Measuring and Modeling the Dynamics of IPv4 Address Exhaustion

NeTS：大型：协作研究：IPv4 地址耗尽动态的测量和建模

• 批准号: 1111699
• 负责人: Michael Bailey
• 金额: $ 119.99万
• 依托单位: Regents of the University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2011
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2011-08-01 至 2015-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1111699&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: NeTS; Large; Collaborative; Research; Measuring

Today's Internet has some 1.7 billion users, fosters an estimated $1.5 trillion in annual global economic benefits, and is widely agreed to offer a staggering array of societal benefits. The network sees enormous demand---on the order of 40 Tbps of inter-domain traffic and an annual growth rate of 44.5%. Remarkably, in spite of the Internet's importance and rapid growth, the core protocols that support its basic functions (i.e., addressing, naming, routing) have seen little fundamental change over time.However, the Internet is now in the midst of its first fundamentally disruptive modification: a phase transition imposing extensive changes throughout the network's vast set of components. On the 3rd of February, 2011 the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) allocated the five remaining blocks of IPv4 address space to the five Regional Internet Registries (RIRs). This event was a watershed moment for the Internet, in that it represented the exhaustion of the Internet's pool of unallocated IPv4 addresses. While eliminating poor utilization of existing allocated IPv4 address space and application of techniques for IPv4 address re-use (i.e., Network to Address Translation (NAT) and Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)) will likely provide short term relief, the eventual scarcity of this critical Internet resource will be a strong catalyst for change.This project seeks to validate the hypothesis that the scarcity of IPv4 addresses and accompanying solutions will have profound effects on the Internet and many of its vital properties, including heterogeneity, openness, security, scalability, reliability, availability, concurrency and transparency. This project's efforts to understand these impacts are divided into three broad areas: (i) studies of the dynamics by which IPv4 addresses are allocated and how these address resources are subsequently used, (ii) understanding the near-term coping mechanisms and transition technologies (e.g., carrier grade NAT, tunneling), and (iii) observing the adoption of longer-term solutions (i.e., the new version of the Internet Protocol, IPv6). To pursue the above goals this project has formed a cross-organizational team of researchers with a long history of scientific Internet measurement (University of Michigan, International Computer Science Institute). The project is bolstered by a substantial supporting team that includes ISPs (AT&T, Merit Networks, Inc.), Internet number resource registries (APNIC, ARIN, AFRINIC, RIPE NCC, and LACNIC), and infrastructure providers (Verisign, Packet Clearing House, Arbor Networks) who will provide access to massive, often unique data.Intellectual Merit: Such measurement---at-scale and across numerous core Internet protocols---presents not only a technical challenge in itself, but offers a once-in-a-generation opportunity to view massive, distributed systems under scarcity and transition. The behaviors observed will inform not only the development of global distributed systems, but also the sciences of network architecture and design, network protocols, and mobile networks. Specific areas of study in these domains potentially include: address transfers, address reclamation, address pollution, address allocation policies and allocation policy abuse, new address space topologies, addresses and identity, dynamic addressing, addressing and routing, addressing and mobility, transition strategies, adoption incentives, adoption tipping points, balkanization in transition, adoption measurement, negative adoption incentives.Broader Impact: For many the Internet has become a ubiquitous aspect of everyday life. A major impact of this work will be directly ensuring the availability and reliability of the Internet through instrumentation, data sharing, and problem diagnosis with operators and networks throughout the global network as it undergoes this singular phase in its functioning. Further, in the spirit of scientific exploration commensurate with this unique phenomenon and measurement, this project will make available the extensive data collected as a means to spur scientific research beyond the specific research of the project team. Finally, based on the observations and studies, this project will develop principles guiding the development of new, more resilient network architectures and protocols.

今天的互联网拥有约 17 亿用户，每年为全球带来约 1.5 万亿美元的经济效益，并被广泛认为可以提供一系列惊人的社会效益。该网络面临着巨大的需求——域间流量约为 40 Tbps，年增长率为 44.5%。值得注意的是，尽管互联网非常重要且发展迅速，但随着时间的推移，支持其基本功能（即寻址、命名、路由）的核心协议几乎没有发生根本性的变化。然而，互联网现在正处于其第一个根本性的发展阶段。破坏性修改：对网络的大量组件进行广泛更改的阶段转变。 2011 年 2 月 3 日，互联网号码分配机构 (IANA) 将剩余的 5 个 IPv4 地址空间块分配给了 5 个地区互联网注册管理机构 (RIR)。这一事件是互联网的一个分水岭，因为它代表着互联网未分配 IPv4 地址池的耗尽。虽然消除对现有已分配 IPv4 地址空间的不良利用以及 IPv4 地址重用技术（即网络地址转换 (NAT) 和动态主机配置协议 (DHCP)）的应用可能会带来短期缓解，但最终会出现这一关键的互联网资源将成为变革的强大催化剂。该项目旨在验证这样的假设：IPv4 地址和相关解决方案的稀缺性将对互联网及其许多重要特性产生深远影响，包括异构性、开放性、安全性、可扩展性, 可靠性,可用性、并发性和透明度。该项目旨在了解这些影响的工作分为三大领域：(i) 研究 IPv4 地址分配的动态以及随后如何使用这些地址资源，(ii) 了解近期应对机制和过渡技术（ (例如，运营商级 NAT、隧道)，以及 (iii) 观察长期解决方案的采用（即新版本的互联网协议 IPv6）。为了实现上述目标，该项目组建了一个由具有悠久的科学互联网测量历史的研究人员组成的跨组织团队（密歇根大学、国际计算机科学研究所）。该项目得到了强大的支持团队的支持，其中包括 ISP（AT&T、Merit Networks, Inc.）、互联网号码资源注册机构（APNIC、ARIN、AFRINIC、RIPE NCC 和 LACNIC）以及基础设施提供商（Verisign、Packet Clearing House、 Arbor Networks）将提供对大量且通常是独特的数据的访问。智力优点：这种大规模且跨众多核心互联网协议的测量不仅提供了技术上的帮助这本身就是一个挑战，但提供了一个千载难逢的机会来观察稀缺和转型下的大规模分布式系统。观察到的行为不仅将为全球分布式系统的发展提供信息，而且还将为网络架构和设计、网络协议和移动网络的科学提供信息。这些领域的具体研究领域可能包括：地址传输、地址回收、地址污染、地址分配策略和分配策略滥用、新地址空间拓扑、地址和身份、动态寻址、寻址和路由、寻址和移动性、过渡策略、采用激励、采用临界点、转型中的巴尔干化、采用测量、消极采用激励。更广泛的影响：对于许多人来说，互联网已经成为日常生活中无处不在的一个方面。这项工作的主要影响将是，在互联网经历这一运行的单一阶段时，通过与全球网络中的运营商和网络进行仪器仪表、数据共享和问题诊断，直接确保互联网的可用性和可靠性。此外，本着与这种独特现象和测量相称的科学探索精神，该项目将提供收集到的广泛数据，作为促进项目团队具体研究之外的科学研究的手段。最后，根据观察和研究，该项目将制定指导开发新的、更具弹性的网络架构和协议的原则。