Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Bronze Age Economies of the Carpathian Basin: Trade, Craft Production and Agro-Pastoral Intensification

博士论文改进补助金：喀尔巴阡盆地的青铜时代经济：贸易、手工艺生产和农牧业集约化

• 批准号: 1039380
• 负责人: John O'Shea
• 金额: $ 1.86万
• 依托单位: Regents of the University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2010-08-15 至 2012-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1039380&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Grant; Bronze

The development of hierarchical political systems, such as chiefdoms and states, has received much attention by archaeologists in recent decades. Critical to this discussion is the emergence of political economies that finance elites and their institutions. Unfortunately, in many regions their development is poorly understood. This is true for Bronze Age temperate Europe, where the study of long-distance trade in prestige goods, especially spectacular metalwork, has largely overshadowed investigation of production strategies at the village and household level. This has often led to premature identification of complex polities when organizational variability within autonomous (or non-hierarchical) villages is not yet fully understood. Under the supervision of Dr. John O'Shea, Amy Nicodemus will address this important problem, using the Maros culture of the central Hungarian Plain as a case study (Early-Middle Bronze Age, c. 2700-1500 cal. BC). This research examines variability in economic organization both within and between Maros settlements to test whether patterns are consistent with the increasing centralization of emerging political economies, or whether differences fall within the range of expected variability for autonomous settlements in contrasting geographic and ecological settings. Production strategies and consumption patterns will be assessed for three important and inter-related spheres: agriculture, local craft manufacture, and long-distance trade. Special attention will be paid to the degree of (1) elite control over local and foreign prestige goods economies and (2) intensification and/or specialization of farming systems through time. Intra-site variability will be explored through excavations of the outer settlement at a major Maros settlement, Pecica ªanþul Mare, which will complement (and contrast against) previous work within central habitation areas, thought to correspond to non-elite and elite residences respectively. Inter-site differentiation will be assessed for neighboring settlements through museum study of excavated materials and review of published site reports. Currently, little is known about organization of craft manufacture and even less about farming systems in the Carpathian Basin. This study will also provide important information about how these economic spheres are structured and how they interact with better-understood trade networks. This project will make valuable contributions to issues of broad interest within the anthropological community and beyond as the origins of political complexity and its economic foundations are relevant to diverse social sciences. Additionally, this research will foster international collaboration and promote future generations of Romanian archeologists. It will form the basis of the author's dissertation and subsequent publications. Summary reports translated into Romanian and Hungarian will be made available to the wider community, encouraging intellectual exchange and dialogue between international researchers and the public. Further, archaeology is a rapidly shrinking field in Romania as job prospects and funding sources are increasingly limited. The author is dedicated to countering this trend by training Romanian students in modern excavation and analytical techniques and encouraging independent research projects. This will provide much needed opportunities for developing practical and theoretical skills, as well as experience with international projects, making students attractive in a competitive job market and encouraging continued collaboration.

近几十年来，酋长国和国家等等级政治制度的发展受到了考古学家的广泛关注，这一讨论的关键是金融精英及其机构的政治经济的出现，不幸的是，在许多地区，人们对它们的发展知之甚少。对于青铜时代的温带欧洲来说，情况确实如此，那里对名贵商品（尤其是壮观的金属制品）的长途贸易的研究在很大程度上掩盖了对村庄和家庭层面生产策略的研究，这常常导致对复杂政体的过早识别。当自治（或非等级制）村庄内的组织变异性尚未被完全理解时，艾米·尼科迪姆斯将在约翰·奥谢博士的指导下，以匈牙利平原中部的马罗斯文化为案例研究来解决这一重要问题。 （青铜时代早期至中期，约公元前 2700-1500 年）这项研究考察了马罗斯定居点内部和之间经济组织的可变性，以测试模式是否与新兴政治的日益集中化相一致。经济，或者差异是否在对比地理和生态环境中自治定居点的预期变化范围内，将评估三个重要且相互关联的领域：农业、当地手工艺制造和长途贸易。将特别关注（1）精英对当地和外国声望经济商品的控制程度，以及（2）随着时间的推移农业系统的集约化和/或专业化将通过对外部定居点的挖掘来探索。一个主要的马罗斯Pecica ªanþul Mare 定居点将补充（并对比）中央居住区之前的工作，被认为分别对应于非精英和精英住宅区。目前，人们对喀尔巴阡盆地的手工艺制造组织知之甚少，对农业系统知之甚少。这项研究还将提供有关这些经济领域如何构建以及它们如何相互作用的重要信息。由于政治复杂性的起源及其经济基础与不同的社会科学相关，该项目将为人类学界及其他领域广泛关注的问题做出宝贵贡献。它将成为作者论文和随后翻译成罗马尼亚语和匈牙利语的出版物的基础，以鼓励国际研究人员和公众之间的知识交流和对话。是一个由于就业前景和资金来源日益有限，罗马尼亚的采矿业迅速萎缩，作者致力于通过培训罗马尼亚学生现代挖掘和分析技术并鼓励独立研究项目来扭转这一趋势，这将为发展实践和理论提供急需的机会。技能以及国际项目经验，使学生在竞争激烈的就业市场中具有吸引力并鼓励持续合作。