Were there ever persistent social classes? Economic and Social Mobility, 1250-2009?

是否存在持续存在的社会阶层？

• 批准号: 0962351
• 负责人: Gregory Clark
• 金额: $ 13.95万
• 依托单位: University of California-Davis
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2010-02-01 至 2013-01-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0962351&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Were; there; ever; persistent; social

This research project will use information on the distribution of surnames in England and the USA to answer the question "Do we live in a world of long run equality of opportunity?" To answer this question we need to be able to trace the fortunes of the descendants of the rich and poor over many generations, and surnames supply this measure.The project will first measure long run economic and social mobility in England from 1236 to 2009, using three methods: common surnames (1250-2009), rare surnames (1559-2009), and the linking of testators with rare surnames with their grandchildren, great grandchildren and even more remote descendants (1450-2009). Common surnames, for example, when formed in the middle ages around 1300 often signified upper or lower class status. What was the later wealth and social status of the descendants of these original social classes? The project thus will test whether there were ever persistent social classes in England. It will also measure the speed of regression to the mean in each era. Did social mobility increase with the arrival first of the Industrial Revolution? Was it further increased in the nineteenth century by universal public education? The preliminary indications are that all through history England displayed a high degree of economic and social mobility, with no groups persistently staying above or below average. Common surnames like ?Smith,? for example, had lost all information on social status by 1650. The rate of social mobility may have increased between the medieval and the modern world, but this is not obvious from the preliminary data. Even medieval England with its complete long run mobility thus differs from the modern USA, where groups such as Black Americans have remained persistently below average income even in the last 40 years, and others such as Jewish Americans have remained persistently above average incomes. What features of England, even before modern education and taxation systems, allowed for such complete long run social mobility? And why have they not been found in the modern US?

该研究项目将使用有关英格兰和美国姓氏分布的信息来回答“我们生活在一个长期的机会世界中？” To answer this question we need to be able to trace the fortunes of the descendants of the rich and poor over many generations, and surnames supply this measure.The project will first measure long run economic and social mobility in England from 1236 to 2009, using three methods: common surnames (1250-2009), rare surnames (1559-2009), and the linking of testators with rare surnames with their grandchildren, great grandchildren and even更多远程后代（1450-2009）。 例如，常见的姓氏在中世纪大约1300年形成时通常表示上层或下层状态。 这些原始社会阶层的后代的后来财富和社会地位是什么？ 因此，该项目将测试英格兰是否有持续的社会阶层。 它还将衡量回归速度到每个时代的平均值。 社会流动性是否随着工业革命的到来而增加？ 在19世纪，通过普遍的公共教育进一步增加了吗？ 初步的迹象表明，英格兰历史上的所有历史都表现出了高度的经济和社会流动性，没有一定的团体持续超过或低于平均水平。 像史密斯这样的常见姓氏？例如，到1650年，已经失去了有关社会地位的所有信息。中世纪和现代世界之间的社会流动率可能有所提高，但这并不明显。 因此，即使是中世纪的英格兰，其完整的长期流动性也与现代美国不同，即使在过去的40年中，黑人美国人等团体仍持续低于平均收入，而其他犹太人诸如犹太人的人仍然持续持续高于平均收入。 英格兰甚至在现代教育和税收制度之前的哪些特征允许如此完整的长期社会流动性？ 为什么在现代美国找不到它们？