Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Resource Intensification in Early Village Societies: Dairying on the Great Hungarian Plain

博士论文改进补助金：早期乡村社会的资源集约化：匈牙利大平原的乳制品业

• 批准号: 0942953
• 负责人: William Parkinson
• 金额: $ 1.5万
• 依托单位: Field Museum of Natural History
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-09-01 至 2011-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0942953&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Grant; Resource

Under the direction of Dr. William Parkinson, Hanneke Hoekman-Sites will examine early dairying practices on the Great Hungarian Plain during the Neolithic and Copper Age (6000-3000 cal BC) to identify how milk product use changed through time. This study advances the study of economic intensification by examining archaeological residues from prehistoric Hungary. The results of this analysis will yield information about patterns of dairy residue distribution across individual sites and in various vessel types. The impact of this project reaches beyond the confines of residue analysis. By providing information about general trends of animal product use over time, our knowledge about the process of economic intensification in Eastern Europe will be greatly expanded. Hoekman-Sites's project investigates a question with immediate effects on our understanding of the Great Hungarian Plain and with broad archaeological implications for the interpretation of social organization and the development of residue analysis methodology. The complex social systems in place across Europe during the Bronze Age grew out of the Neolithic and Copper Age societies through periods of economic intensification and differential exploitation of faunal resources. Understanding the role of animals and animal products in this intensification is crucial to understanding how social stratification developed in this region. The presence of animal adipose and dairy fat will be identified directly in ceramic vessels using residue analysis. Residues from past use have been shown to remain in unglazed ceramic vessels long after the vessel falls out of use and is deposited into the archaeological record. The ceramic samples were collected from materials excavated by the Körös Regional Archaeological Project and from three local museum collections in eastern Hungary. In all, 339 samples were collected from 10 Neolithic and Copper Age sites. At least 50 samples were collected from each time period. After extracting the residues from each ceramic sherd the samples will be analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine if animal fat is present. After the samples are tested, those that contain animal fat residue will be tested further to determine the type of animal fat present. The second round of testing will differentiate between dairy fat, adipose fat, and porcine fat using compound specific isotopic analysis, which will bring a higher degree of data resolution than the animal fat presence testing alone. This project will result in valuable knowledge on eastern European economic intensification. It will provide opportunities for future collaboration by illustrating to Hungarian archaeologists how residue studies can be used to further their own research goals. The results of the project will be disseminated broadly. Initially the research will be published in dissertation form, followed by several articles on theoretical, methodological, and broader geographical aspects in peer-reviewed journals. The data will also be available online, which will add to the database of residue studies.

在 William Parkinson 博士的指导下，Hanneke Hoekman-Sites 将研究新石器时代和铜器时代（公元前 6000-3000 年）匈牙利大平原的早期乳制品生产实践，以确定奶制品的使用如何随时间变化。通过检查史前匈牙利的考古残留物来研究经济集约化。该分析的结果将提供有关各个地点和各种船只类型的乳制品残留物分布模式的信息。该项目的影响超出了范围。通过提供有关动物产品使用随时间变化的总体趋势的信息，我们对东欧经济集约化过程的了解将大大扩展，该项目调查了一个对我们对伟大的理解产生直接影响的问题。匈牙利平原对社会组织的解释和残留物分析方法的发展具有广泛的考古意义。青铜时代欧洲各地复杂的社会系统是在经济集约化时期从新石器时代和铜器时代社会发展而来的。了解动物和动物产品在这种集约化中的作用对于了解该地区社会分层的发展至关重要。使用残留物分析可以直接识别陶瓷器皿中动物脂肪和乳制品脂肪的存在。研究表明，在未上釉的陶瓷容器不再使用后很长一段时间内，过去使用过的陶瓷样品仍保留在考古记录中，这些陶瓷样品是从克罗斯地区考古项目和三个当地的挖掘材料中收集的。匈牙利东部的博物馆收藏总共从 10 个新石器时代和铜器时代遗址收集了 339 个样品，每个时期至少收集了 50 个样品，从每个陶瓷碎片中提取残留物后，将使用气相色谱-质谱法对样品进行分析。光谱分析法 (GC-MS) 确定是否存在动物脂肪 测试后，将进一步测试含有动物脂肪残留的样本，以确定存在的动物脂肪类型。使用复合特定同位素分析对乳制品脂肪、脂肪和猪脂肪进行分析，这将带来比单独的动物脂肪存在测试更高的数据分辨率，该项目将为东欧经济集约化提供宝贵的知识。通过向匈牙利考古学家说明如何利用残留物研究来推进他们自己的研究目标，该项目的结果最初将以论文形式发表，随后将发表几篇关于理论、同行评审期刊中的方法论和更广泛的地理方面的数据也将在线提供，这将添加到残留研究的数据库中。