Early Village Social Dynamics: Prehistoric Settlement Nucleation on the Great Hungarian Plain

早期村庄社会动态：匈牙利大平原上的史前定居点核

• 批准号: 0911336
• 负责人: William Parkinson
• 金额: $ 23.13万
• 依托单位: Field Museum of Natural History
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-09-01 至 2015-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0911336&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Early; Village; Social; Dynamics; Prehistoric

With National Science Foundation support Drs. William Parkinson and Dr. Richard Yerkes will work with an international team of colleagues to conduct three seasons of multi-disciplinary field research in southeastern Hungary. The team brings together U.S., Hungarian, Greek, and Serbian specialists in archaeology, paleo-botany, archaeo-zoology, geophysics, soil chemistry, and geomorphology to examine the development of pre-urban settlements in the Körös Region of the Great Hungarian Plain within the Carpathian Basin in Central Europe. Specifically, the team will examine the process of settlement nucleation and population aggregation as revealed in the archaeology of agricultural villages during the Middle and Late Neolithic (5,300-4,700 cal BC). The project examines dramatic changes in socio-economic organization and settlement patterns that occurred nearly a thousand years after farming was established in the Carpathian Basin. These changes include natural and cultural processes that led to the establishment of compact, nucleated, fortified, villages that grew by accretion into 'tells' (artificial mounds of stratified occupations that spanned several centuries and consist of layers of leveled wattle-and-daub structures, filled-in features, and burials). This multi-disciplinary research project at several Neolithic sites in the Sebes-Körös region, Hungary will test models of settlement aggregation and nucleation that can be used to explore similar social processes elsewhere in the world.The main research objective is to test explanatory models for the emergence of nucleated agricultural villages that emphasize different causal factors (e.g., environmental changes, new animal husbandry practices, intensification of ritual and warfare, demographic transformation). The multi-disciplinary, international team will conduct systematic investigations at two tells and contemporary "flat" (non-tell) sites in the Sebes-Körös Region of Hungary. A geomorphological and soil coring program aimed at reconstructing the mid-Holocene hydrology of the region will also be conducted. Most data recovery and analysis will occur in Hungary, with only some samples for destructive analysis being brought back to the U.S. Data entry and artifact processing, cleaning, and sorting will occur daily at the research facility in Vésztõ.This study of nucleation in ancient village societies contributes to a broader anthropological understanding of the natural and cultural processes that laid the foundation for many other social changes, including the emergence of urbanization, territorialism and the development of economic and political complexity. By assessing independent lines of evidence, it will be possible to demonstrate how environmental, ecological, and social factors resulted in settlement nucleation, and eventually the development of large urban centers. Investigations of this long-term process on the Great Hungarian Plain will contribute to a general understanding of the social and structural dynamics within autonomous village or tribal societies that pushed and pulled them eventually toward social stratification, hierarchical organization, and urbanization. The proposed research will contribute to anthropological knowledge and social theory, advance international collaboration between American and East European scholars, and make datasets and research results widely available in public lectures, scientific journals, websites, and a monograph. It will increase technological and scientific understanding of the human past, and demonstrate how current social problems may have originated.

在国家科学基金会的支持下，威廉·帕金森博士和理查德·耶克斯博士将与一个国际团队合作，在匈牙利东南部进行三个赛季的多学科实地研究。该团队汇集了美国、匈牙利、希腊和塞尔维亚的专家。考古学、古植物学、考古动物学、地球物理学、土壤化学和地貌学，研究匈牙利大平原克罗斯地区前城市定居点的发展具体而言，该团队将研究新石器时代中晚期（公元前 5,300-4,700 年）农业村庄考古所揭示的定居点形成和人口聚集的过程。喀尔巴阡盆地农业兴起近一千年后发生的经济组织和定居模式，这些变化包括自然和文化过程，导致了紧凑的、有核的、防御工事的村庄通过堆积而成长为“土堆”（跨越几个世纪的分层职业的人造土堆，由一层层平整的篱笆和涂抹结构、填充的特征和墓葬组成）。匈牙利Sebes-Körös地区的几个新石器时代遗址将测试聚落聚集和成核模型，这些模型可用于探索世界其他地方类似的社会过程。目标是测试强调不同因果因素（例如环境变化、新的畜牧业实践、仪式和战争的加剧、人口转变）的核心农业村庄出现的解释模型。多学科的国际团队将进行系统的调查。在匈牙利 Sebes-Körös 地区的两个平地和当代“平坦”（非平地）地点，还将开展一项旨在重建该地区全新世中期水文的地貌和土壤取芯计划。大多数数据恢复和分析将在匈牙利进行，只有一些样本被带回美国进行破坏性分析。数据输入和工件处理、清理和分类将每天在韦什托的研究设施进行。古代村庄社会有助于对自然和文化过程有更广泛的人类学理解，为许多其他社会变革奠定了基础，包括城市化、领土主义的出现以及经济和政治复杂性的发展。是可以证明环境、生态和社会因素如何导致聚落成核，并最终对匈牙利大平原这一长期过程的发展进行研究，将有助于对内部社会和结构动态的总体了解。自治村或部落社会最终推动和拉动他们走向社会分层、等级组织和城市化。拟议的研究将有助于人类学知识和社会理论，促进美国和东欧学者之间的国际合作，并使数据集和研究成果得到广泛应用。可在公开讲座、科学它将增加对人类过去的技术和科学理解，并展示当前的社会问题可能是如何起源的。